--- title: What factors increase the risk of PMS or PMDD? | Niyora description: Negative Rh blood type, earlier age at menstruation, caffeine use more than three times per week, and depression are linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD. url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/5-associated-factors-with-premenstrual-syndrome-and-premenstrual-dysphoric-2023/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - What factors increase the risk of PMS or PMDD? Survey study, 2023 # What factors increase the risk of PMS or PMDD? Negative Rh blood type, earlier age at menstruation, caffeine use more than three times per week, and depression are linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD. Early or limited evidence 302 female medical students aged 18 to 45 ## What they did Researchers surveyed 302 female medical students aged 18 to 45 and asked about their health, lifestyle, and menstrual history. They then tracked participants for at least two menstrual cycles using validated diagnostic tools to diagnose PMS or PMDD. ## What they found 11.6% of students met criteria for PMS (31 students) or PMDD (4 students). Risk factors included negative Rh blood type (4.43 times higher risk), younger age at menstruation, moderate depression or higher, and caffeine use more than three times per week. ## What it means for you Several lifestyle and biological factors may increase PMS or PMDD risk. However, this study only included medical students in one country, and the overall rate of PMS/PMDD was relatively low, so results may not apply to all women. 11.6% PMS/PMDD prevalence 4.43 Risk ratio for negative Rh blood type 3 times per week Caffeine threshold linked to increased risk ## About the study Original title #5 : Associated Factors with Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Among Female Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study Authors Ngo Dinh Trieu Vy, Linh Phuong Bui, Long Bao Hoang et al. Journal Fertility & Reproduction Year 2023 Study design Survey study Participants 302 What was tested None - observational survey Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.1142/s2661318223742819](https://doi.org/10.1142/s2661318223742819) ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Diet and nutrition](https://niyora.com/research/topics/treatment-diet/)[Students and academic performance](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-education/)[Adolescents and young people](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Survey study, 2023 What factors make some women more likely to have PMS or PMDD? Survey study, 2019 What lifestyle and sleep habits are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Survey study, 2026 How common is PMDD in Russian medical students, and what are its symptoms? Survey study, 2021 What factors are related to premenstrual syndrome in high school students? Systematic review, 2025 How common are PMS, PMDD, and painful periods in nursing students, and do they affect their schooling? Systematic review, 2021 How common is PMDD among female students in Ethiopia? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗