--- title: What is linked to hot flushes during midlife and menopause? | Niyora description: Hot flushes are linked to higher FSH levels, lower estradiol, and a history of premenstrual complaints. They become increasingly common as women approach and url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/hot-flushes-menstrual-status-and-hormone-levels-in-a-population-based-sample-of-1996/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - What is linked to hot flushes during midlife and menopause? Case-control study, 1996 # What is linked to hot flushes during midlife and menopause? Hot flushes are linked to higher FSH levels, lower estradiol, and a history of premenstrual complaints. They become increasingly common as women approach and pass their final menstrual period. Moderate study design 453 women aged 48-59 at different stages of menopause (pre-, peri-, and postmenopausal). ## What they did Population-based study of 453 women aged 48-59. Researchers conducted interviews in their homes and measured hormone levels (FSH and estradiol), menstrual status, history of premenstrual complaints, and lifestyle factors. ## What they found 13% of premenopausal, 37% of perimenopausal, and 62% of postmenopausal women reported hot flushes in the previous 2 weeks. Women with hot flushes had higher FSH and lower estradiol. Perimenopausal women with hot flushes were more likely to have reported premenstrual complaints 3 years earlier. ## What it means for you Hot flushes are most common as women move through menopause, and women who had premenstrual complaints earlier are more likely to experience them. This is a real-world population study but observational, so we cannot conclude that early premenstrual complaints cause later hot flushes. 453 women studied 62% postmenopausal women with hot flushes 37% perimenopausal women with hot flushes ## About the study Original title Hot flushes, menstrual status, and hormone levels in a population-based sample of midlife women Authors Guthrie JR, Dennerstein L, Hopper JL et al. Journal Obstetrics and gynecology Year 1996 Study design Case-control study Participants 453 What was tested None - this was an observational study Read the paper [doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(96)00196-2](https://doi.org/10.1016/0029-7844(96)00196-2) ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy](https://niyora.com/research/topics/treatment-hormone-therapy/)[Perimenopause and menopause](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-perimenopause/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Review, 2012 How should premenstrual disorders be diagnosed and organized? Review, 2012 How is PMS diagnosed and treated, especially in women approaching menopause? Systematic review, 2025 Do drugs that stop ovulation help women with PMS? Survey study, 2007 Is depression before a period linked to depression at menopause? Review, 2006 How do brain hormones affect PMDD and mood problems during the menstrual cycle? Randomised trial, 2006 Do women with a history of PMS react differently to hormone therapy after menopause? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗