--- title: Do difficult childhood experiences lead to worse PMS symptoms as an adult? description: Yes. Among 399 university students in Türkiye, 71.7% had PMS symptoms, and those who reported difficult childhood experiences had worse PMS symptoms. Difficul url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/how-long-is-the-shadow-of-the-past-the-relationship-between-adverse-childhood-2026/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Do difficult childhood experiences lead to worse PMS symptoms as an adult? Survey study, 2026 # Do difficult childhood experiences lead to worse PMS symptoms as an adult? Yes. Among 399 university students in Türkiye, 71.7% had PMS symptoms, and those who reported difficult childhood experiences had worse PMS symptoms. Difficult childhood experiences and worse PMS were clearly linked. Early or limited evidence 399 female university students in Türkiye (March-April 2022) ## What they did Researchers asked 399 female university students in Türkiye (studied March-April 2022) about difficult or traumatic childhood experiences, their current PMS symptoms, and their fear of childbirth using three questionnaires. ## What they found 58.6% of the women reported at least one difficult childhood experience. 71.7% had PMS symptoms. Women with more difficult childhood experiences had worse PMS symptoms and also higher fear of childbirth. ## What it means for you Difficult childhood experiences are linked to worse PMS symptoms in young adulthood. Women's mental and emotional history may affect their physical menstrual symptoms. Healthcare providers should assess trauma history and provide trauma-informed care and mental health support. 71.7% women with PMS symptoms 58.6% women with at least one adverse childhood experience ## About the study Original title "How Long Is the Shadow of the Past?" the Relationship Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Premenstrual Symptoms and Fear of Childbirth Authors Aslan M, Bayri Bingol F, Ozan A et al. Journal Journal of child and adolescent psychiatric nursing : official publication of the Association of Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Nurses, Inc Year 2026 Study design Survey study Participants 399 What was tested None - observational survey Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.1111/jcap.70076](https://doi.org/10.1111/jcap.70076) ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[PTSD and trauma](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-ptsd-trauma/)[Pregnancy and postpartum](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-postpartum/)[Work and productivity](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-work/)[Relationships and partners](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-relationships/)[Students and academic performance](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-education/)[Adolescents and young people](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Survey study, 2025 What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome? Cohort study, 2017 How common is PMS in high school students, and what symptoms and problems does it cause? Study, 2010 Does pregnancy or menstruation affect OCD symptoms? Survey study, 2026 Why is understanding PMS awareness in teenage girls important? Survey study, 2026 How many teenage girls in Nepal have PMS and how does it affect them? Survey study, 2026 Does self-injury or difficult childhood experiences increase PMDD risk in adolescents? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗