---
title: Is a specific gene (AP-2 beta) linked to PMDD? | Niyora
description: No. This study found no difference in AP-2 beta genetic variants between women with PMDD and healthy women, suggesting this gene is not a risk factor for PMDD
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/investigation-of-transcription-factor-ap-2-beta-genotype-in-women-with-2005/
---

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- Is a specific gene (AP-2 beta) linked to PMDD?

Case-control study, 2005

# Is a specific gene (AP-2 beta) linked to PMDD?

No. This study found no difference in AP-2 beta genetic variants between women with PMDD and healthy women, suggesting this gene is not a risk factor for PMDD. However, the results should be confirmed in larger studies.

 Moderate study design

176 women with PMDD and 91 healthy controls

## What they did

Case-control study comparing DNA of 176 women with PMDD and 91 healthy controls for a specific genetic variant (AP-2 beta polymorphism) with a variable number of repeats in the gene.

## What they found

No differences were found in AP-2 beta genotype frequencies between women with PMDD and healthy controls.

## What it means for you

This particular gene variant does not appear to be a risk factor for PMDD. Researchers studied this gene because it had been linked to the serotonin system, but it did not show a connection to PMDD. The authors note this is a negative finding and should be repeated in other studies before being considered final.

176

Women with PMDD

91

Healthy controls

## About the study

Original title Investigation of transcription factor AP-2 beta genotype in women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder Authors Damberg M, Westberg L, Berggård C et al. Journal Neuroscience letters Year 2005 Study design Case-control study Participants 176 What was tested Genetic testing for AP-2 beta gene polymorphism Read the paper [doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.068](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2004.11.068)

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Major depressive disorder](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-major-depression/)

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## Related studies

Cohort study, 2026

What genetic factors are linked to premenstrual symptoms?

Systematic review, 2026

How often do mood disorders and PMS or PMDD occur together?

Review, 2024

What are the most effective treatments for PMDD?

Systematic review, 2024

How common is PMDD?

Systematic review, 2021

Are there hormone changes that could explain PMDD or depression in women?

Non-randomised trial, 2008

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