---
title: Do women with PMDD have different thinking patterns than women without it?
description: Yes. Women with PMDD had higher scores on self-punishment, emotional suppression, and feeling vulnerable compared to healthy women.
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/premenstrual-dysphoric-disorder-and-early-maladaptive-shemas-2023/
---

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- Do women with PMDD have different thinking patterns than women without it?

Case-control study, 2023

# Do women with PMDD have different thinking patterns than women without it?

Yes. Women with PMDD had higher scores on self-punishment, emotional suppression, and feeling vulnerable compared to healthy women.

 Moderate study design

160 college-aged women (80 with PMDD, 80 without), mean age 24.32 years, mostly single and university-educated

## What they did

Researchers compared 80 women diagnosed with PMDD to 80 healthy women (160 total). Average age was about 24 years. Most were single (86.25%) and had completed university (70%).

## What they found

Women with PMDD had higher scores on punitiveness (self-punishment), emotional suppression, and vulnerability compared to the healthy control group.

## What it means for you

Women with PMDD may have certain unhelpful thinking patterns such as being hard on themselves and suppressing their emotions. The study is limited because all participants were young, mostly single, and university-educated, so findings may not apply to all women with PMDD.

160

women studied (80 PMDD, 80 without)

24.32

mean age in years

86.25%

single participants

## About the study

Original title Premenstrual dysphoric disorder and early maladaptive shemas Authors Deniz zturan, Cynthia Selim, Filiz zsoy Journal Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research Year 2023 Study design Case-control study Participants 160 What was tested None - observational comparison of existing groups Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.5455/jcbpr.143242](https://doi.org/10.5455/jcbpr.143242)

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)

Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits.

Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor.

## Related studies

Cohort study, 2026

What genetic factors are linked to premenstrual symptoms?

Systematic review, 2026

How often do mood disorders and PMS or PMDD occur together?

Systematic review, 2026

Does vitamin D supplementation help PMS symptoms?

Study, 2026

How do women with PMDD process emotions differently in their brains?

Systematic review, 2026

Why do some women experience mood changes linked to their menstrual cycle?

Systematic review, 2026

How much of PMDD treatment improvement comes from placebo effect?

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