--- title: Are negative feelings about fairness and menstruation linked to stronger premenstrual symptoms? description: Yes. Women who feel their suffering from menstruation is unfair, and those with negative views of menstruation, report stronger premenstrual symptoms. The con url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/psychometric-testing-of-the-premenstrual-symptoms-questionnaire-and-the-2020/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Are negative feelings about fairness and menstruation linked to stronger premenstrual symptoms? Survey study, 2020 # Are negative feelings about fairness and menstruation linked to stronger premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women who feel their suffering from menstruation is unfair, and those with negative views of menstruation, report stronger premenstrual symptoms. The connections are clear. Moderate study design 879 Japanese high school female students with regular menstrual cycles ## What they did Researchers surveyed 879 female high school students with regular menstrual cycles about their premenstrual symptoms, their sense of perceived injustice (feeling that suffering is unfair), and how they view menstruation. ## What they found A questionnaire measuring premenstrual symptoms was reliable and valid. Perceived injustice was linked to higher symptom scores. Negative views of menstruation were associated with stronger premenstrual symptoms. ## What it means for you A woman's feelings about fairness and her beliefs about menstruation may influence how severe her premenstrual symptoms feel. The study cannot prove these beliefs cause worse symptoms. This was a large study but only of teenagers in Japan. 1388 female students surveyed 879 girls with regular cycles analyzed ## About the study Original title Psychometric Testing of the Premenstrual Symptoms Questionnaire and the Association Between Perceived Injustice and Premenstrual Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study Among Japanese High School Students Authors Takeda T, Yoshimi K, Yamada K Journal International journal of women's health Year 2020 Study design Survey study Participants 1,388 Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s269392](https://doi.org/10.2147/ijwh.s269392) ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Menstrual cycle and mood](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-cycle-mood/)[Students and academic performance](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-education/)[Adolescents and young people](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-adolescents/)[Stigma, attitudes and culture](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-stigma-culture/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Survey study, 2026 Does self-injury or difficult childhood experiences increase PMDD risk in adolescents? Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD among college girls, and what are their symptoms? Lab study, 2026 Do core stability exercises help women with PMDD? Cohort study, 2026 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect how much physical activity women do? Survey study, 2025 What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome? Survey study, 2024 How much do Indonesian 9th graders know about PMS and what are their attitudes? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗