---
title: Are sex hormones different in women with PMS? | Niyora
description: Women with PMS had more cells that respond to progesterone in their leg vein tissue compared to women without PMS. Cells responding to estrogen were the same
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/sex-hormone-receptors-in-varicose-veins-of-women-with-premenstrual-syndrome-2008/
---

- [Niyora](https://niyora.com/)
- [Research](https://niyora.com/research/)
- [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/)
- Are sex hormones different in women with PMS?

Survey study, 2008

# Are sex hormones different in women with PMS?

Women with PMS had more cells that respond to progesterone in their leg vein tissue compared to women without PMS. Cells responding to estrogen were the same in both groups.

 Early or limited evidence

50 women undergoing varicose vein surgery (20 with PMS, 30 without)

## What they did

Doctors compared tissue samples from leg veins in 20 women with PMS and 30 women without PMS, all taken during varicose vein surgery. They examined the tissue under a microscope using special staining to count how many muscle cells contained receptors for estrogen and progesterone.

## What they found

Muscle cells with progesterone receptors were more abundant in women with PMS (343) than in women without PMS (240). There was no difference in estrogen receptors between the two groups.

## What it means for you

The number of cells that can respond to progesterone, rather than the hormone levels themselves, may play a role in PMS. However, this is a small study looking only at leg vein tissue, which may not represent the whole body or tissues most involved in PMS symptoms.

20

Women with PMS

343

Progesterone receptors in PMS group

240

Receptors in non-PMS group

## About the study

Original title Sex hormone receptors in varicose veins of women with premenstrual syndrome Authors Łukasz Dzieciuchowicz, Małgorzata Kotwicka, M. Gabriel et al. Journal Phlebologie Year 2008 Study design Survey study Participants 50 What was tested None - tissue comparison study Read the paper [doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622215](https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1622215)

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Anxiety and tension](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-anxiety/)

Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits.

Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor.

## Related studies

Randomised trial, 2026

Does Kundalini Reiki help reduce PMS symptoms and improve quality of life?

Randomised trial, 2026

Does calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduce PMS symptoms?

Randomised trial, 2026

Does aerobic or resistance exercise reduce anxiety in women with PMS?

Systematic review, 2026

Does vitamin D supplementation help PMS symptoms?

Systematic review, 2026

Do mindfulness and relaxation techniques help with PMS symptoms?

Cohort study, 2025

Do women with PMS or PMDD report lower quality of life than women without these conditions?

Ask AI about this page

Copy prompt

ChatGPT

↗

Claude

↗

Perplexity

↗

Google AI Mode

↗

Grok

↗