---
title: What causes depression during pregnancy, and does PMS increase the risk?
description: Yes. Depression during pregnancy is linked to many factors including premenstrual syndrome. Emotional support from partners and family members significantly r
url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/the-association-of-psychosocial-factors-and-obstetric-history-with-depression-in-2013/
---

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- What causes depression during pregnancy, and does PMS increase the risk?

Survey study, 2013

# What causes depression during pregnancy, and does PMS increase the risk?

Yes. Depression during pregnancy is linked to many factors including premenstrual syndrome. Emotional support from partners and family members significantly reduces the risk.

 Early or limited evidence

1,262 pregnant women from a community mental health center

## What they did

Cross-sectional survey of 1,262 pregnant women from a community mental health center. Participants completed questionnaires about depression, emotional support, and other risk factors.

## What they found

Antenatal depression was associated with PMS, along with unmarried status, low income, smoking, abuse history, and unplanned pregnancy. Emotional support from partner reduced depression risk (odds ratio 2.26), as did support from mother (odds ratio 1.43). Father's support was not significantly protective.

## What it means for you

Women with PMS may have higher risk of depression during pregnancy. Support from partners and mothers may help prevent depression. This is a survey, not proof of cause and effect.

1,262

pregnant women studied

2.26

odds ratio for partner support protection

1.43

odds ratio for mother support protection

## About the study

Original title The association of psychosocial factors and obstetric history with depression in pregnant women: focus on the role of emotional support Authors Jeong HG, Lim JS, Lee MS et al. Journal General hospital psychiatry Year 2013 Study design Survey study Participants 1,262 What was tested None - observational survey only Read the paper [doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.02.009](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.02.009)

## Topics

[Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Major depressive disorder](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-major-depression/)[Alcohol, smoking and substance use](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-substance-use/)[Pregnancy and postpartum](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-postpartum/)[Relationships and partners](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-relationships/)

Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits.

Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor.

## Related studies

Survey study, 2011

Is premenstrual syndrome related to major depression?

Systematic review, 2022

Does having PMDD increase the risk of depression during pregnancy or after birth?

Lab study, 2018

How does depression affect menstrual function and fertility in women?

Cohort study, 2015

What factors predict anxiety and depression during pregnancy and after birth?

Survey study, 2014

Do women whose depression started early experience more premenstrual symptoms?

Cohort study, 1999

How common are depression symptoms in women in their late 30s and early 40s, and what predicts them?

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