--- title: Is PMS more severe in urban or rural women and what factors affect severity? description: PMS was more severe in urban women than rural women. Severity increased with age, number of children, education level, and socioeconomic status. url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/to-compare-the-severity-of-the-premenstrual-syndrome-in-urban-and-rural-2016/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Is PMS more severe in urban or rural women and what factors affect severity? Survey study, 2016 # Is PMS more severe in urban or rural women and what factors affect severity? PMS was more severe in urban women than rural women. Severity increased with age, number of children, education level, and socioeconomic status. Early or limited evidence 300 women aged 15-35 years in India, 150 from urban areas and 150 from rural areas ## What they did Cross-sectional survey of 300 women aged 15-35 years (150 urban and 150 rural) using the Modified Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire. ## What they found PMS severity was greater in urban women than rural women. Severity was directly proportional to age, parity (number of children), educational status, and socioeconomic status. Dysmenorrhea (menstrual pain) severity was proportional to PMS severity. ## What it means for you Urban living may be associated with more severe PMS, possibly due to lifestyle or stress factors. Age, having children, education, and income are associated with more severe PMS. The cross-sectional design means cause and effect cannot be determined. Results are from one medical institution in India. 150 urban Women in urban group 150 rural Women in rural group ## About the study Original title To compare the severity of the premenstrual syndrome in urban and rural population Authors Dr Bhavana Gupta Journal Obsgyne Review Journal of Obstetric and Gynecology Year 2016 Study design Survey study Participants 300 What was tested None Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.17511/joog.2016.i04.05](https://doi.org/10.17511/joog.2016.i04.05) Original abstract Introduction: The premenstrual syndrome causes considerable morbidity to women. It is a silent epidemic which needs attention to provide quality of life to urban and rural women. Objective: To compare the severity of the premenstrual syndrome in urban and rural population n the age group of 15-35 years and to study the selected variables and the relationship to premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out in the department of obstetric and gynecology at Integral institute of medical sciences and research, Lucknow from January 2016 to July 2016 for the period of 6 months.300 women (150 each for rural and urban population) from the age group of 15-35 years were given questionnaire (Modified Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire) and the results were compared using t and p value. The relationship of the variables like age, education, parity, socioeconomic status, education of the subjects mother, characteristic features of the menstrual cycle were assessed. Result: The severity of premenstrual syndrome is more in urban population than rural population. The severity of PMS was directly proportional to age, parity, educational status, socioeconomic status. The severity of dysmenorrhoea was proportional to severity of PMS. Conclusion: PMS is more severe in urban population .The severity increases with age, parity, educational status, and socioeconomic status and dysmenorrhoea. Reproduced under CC-BY. ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Dysmenorrhea and period pain](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-dysmenorrhea/)[Relationships and partners](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-relationships/)[Economic burden](https://niyora.com/research/topics/life-area-economic-burden/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Cohort study, 2006 How should severe period pain in teenagers be treated? Cohort study, 2024 Is there a link between sleep and menstrual problems in teenage girls? Survey study, 2026 Does fear of childbirth explain why women with PMS are more likely to develop postpartum depression? Review, 2026 How much do PMS and menstrual disorders affect women's work, school, and quality of life? Systematic review, 2026 What psychosocial and behavioral factors are linked to worse PMDD symptoms? Survey study, 2025 Do menstrual problems lower well-being through anxiety? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗