--- title: Is smoking linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD? | Niyora description: Yes. Smokers had higher odds of PMS (1.78 times) and PMDD (2.92 times) compared to non-smokers. This association was stronger with higher smoking amounts. url: https://niyora.com/research/papers/tobacco-consumption-and-premenstrual-syndrome-a-case-control-study-2019/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Is smoking linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD? Case-control study, 2019 # Is smoking linked to higher risk of PMS or PMDD? Yes. Smokers had higher odds of PMS (1.78 times) and PMDD (2.92 times) compared to non-smokers. This association was stronger with higher smoking amounts. Moderate study design 285 women with incident PMS and 285 controls, plus 88 women with incident PMDD and 176 controls, in Spain. ## What they did Case-control study comparing 285 women with PMS and 285 matched controls, and 88 women with PMDD and 176 controls in Spain. Researchers used logistic regression to measure the associations. ## What they found Current smokers: OR = 1.78 (95% CI: 1.20-2.63) for PMS and OR = 2.92 (95% CI: 1.55-5.50) for PMDD versus never smokers. Women smoking 1-5 cigarettes/day: OR = 2.82 (95% CI: 1.57-5.06) for PMS. Women smoking over 15 cigarettes/day: OR = 2.52 (95% CI: 0.99-6.40) for PMS. With less than 3 pack-years: OR = 1.79 (95% CI: 1.04-3.08) for PMS and OR = 3.06 (95% CI: 1.27-7.35) for PMDD. With 3-8 pack-years: OR = 2.34 (95% CI: 1.33-4.13) for PMS and OR = 3.56 (95% CI: 1.55-8.17) for PMDD. ## What it means for you Smoking appears linked to higher PMS and PMDD risk, with more smoking showing higher risk. Main limit: this is a case-control study, so we cannot prove smoking causes PMS. Having PMS might influence smoking behavior instead. 1.78 Odds ratio for PMS in current smokers vs never smokers 2.92 Odds ratio for PMDD in current smokers vs never smokers 285 Women with incident PMS cases ## About the study Original title Tobacco consumption and premenstrual syndrome: A case-control study Authors Fernández MDM, Montes-Martínez A, Piñeiro-Lamas M et al. Journal PloS one Year 2019 Study design Case-control study Participants 285 What was tested Tobacco smoking Open access Yes Read the paper [doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218794](https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218794) Original abstract Objective: To assess whether tobacco smoking is associated with Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) and its most severe form, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). Design: Case-control study with incident cases using the Spanish public healthcare system. Setting: 3 major public hospitals and one family counseling and planning center. Population: Women consulting for troubles related to menstruation and for other motives such as screening for uterine cancer, contraception counseling or desire for pregnancy. Methods: Logistic regression. Main outcome measures: Odds Ratios of PMS and PMDD. Results: 285 incident PMS cases and 285 age-matched controls on the one hand, and 88 incident PMDD cases and 176 controls on the other hand participated in the study. The odds of premenstrual disorders was higher in current smokers compared with never smokers: Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.78, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.20-2.63 for PMS and OR = 2.92, 95%CI: 1.55-5.50 for PMDD. For PMS, women who smoke 1 to 5 cigarettes/day presented an OR = 2.82, 95%CI: 1.57-5.06 and those who smoke more than 15 cigarettes/day an OR = 2.52, 95%CI: 0.99-6.40. Compared to non-smokers, current and ex-smokers who smoked < 3 pack-years presented an OR = 1.79, 95%CI: 1.04-3.08 for PMS, and an OR = 3.06, 95%CI: 1.27-7.35 for PMDD. Smokers of 3 to 8 pack-years presented an OR = 2.34, 95%CI: 1.33-4.13 for PMS and OR = 3.56, 95%CI: 1.55-8.17 for PMDD. These results were confirmed by the exposure-effect curve obtained from a cubic spline model. Conclusions: This study shows that smokers are more likely to develop PMS and PMDD. Reproduced under CC-BY. ## Topics [Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pms/)[Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)](https://niyora.com/research/topics/condition-pmdd/)[Low mood and depression](https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-depression-mood/)[Psychotherapy, counselling and education](https://niyora.com/research/topics/treatment-psychotherapy/)[Alcohol, smoking and substance use](https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-substance-use/) Research tells you what helps on average. Niyora helps on the day it hits. Calm down, see it another way, and decide what to say, with a PMS and PMDD app built by a doctor. ## Related studies Survey study, 2025 What lifestyle and body composition factors are associated with PMS in young women? Survey study, 2001 How common is premenstrual dysphoric disorder and how is it related to other psychiatric conditions? Review, 2024 What are the most effective treatments for PMDD? Review, 2023 What treatments help mental and physical health problems linked to the menstrual cycle? Systematic review, 2012 How effective are cognitive-behavioral therapy and antidepressants for PMS and PMDD? Review, 2001 What causes PMS and PMDD, and how are they treated? Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗