--- title: Migraine: 141 studies, explained | Niyora description: 141 studies on migraine and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it means. url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-migraine/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Migraine # Migraine: what the research says 141 studies on migraine in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 9 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 43 Review 23 Study 22 Randomised trial 18 Cohort study 10 Case report 8 Systematic review, 2023 What hormonal treatments have been tested for PMDD, menstrual migraine, and catamenial epilepsy? Hormonal treatments have been tested 56 times for premenstrual mood disorder, 21 times for menstrual migraine, and 8 times for catamenial epilepsy. Combined oral contraceptives were a frequent focus. Cohort study, 2022 Can women accurately tell if they have period-related migraines, or do they need to track them? No. Women couldn't accurately tell if they had period migraines. Most needed to keep a daily headache diary for several cycles for accurate diagnosis. Guideline, 2021 How should migraine be managed in women, particularly menstrual migraine? This guideline covers migraine treatment approaches, noting that menstrual migraine, pregnancy, contraception, and hormone therapy are specific considerations. The abstract does not provide specific treatment details for menstrual migraine. Randomised trial, 2016 Does telcagepant prevent migraines during the menstrual period? Telcagepant did not reduce overall monthly migraine days. However, it did reduce headaches on the days it was taken around the period. It was generally safe. Randomised trial, 2014 Does the combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium reduce menstrual symptoms and migraine? Yes. The combination was better than placebo for tiredness, irritability, bloating, abdominal pain, and back pain, as well as migraine. However, women with severe period pain responded less well to migraine treatment. Randomised trial, 2005 Does sumatriptan work for migraines around the menstrual cycle? Yes, sumatriptan 100 mg gave headache relief to 67% of women for migraines during their menstrual window compared to 33% on placebo. Sumatriptan was well tolerated. Randomised trial, 2005 Are triptans effective for menstrual migraine? Yes. Triptans are effective for treating menstrual migraine both as a treatment taken when a migraine starts and as prevention taken regularly to stop migraines before they happen. Review, 2004 How should doctors diagnose and treat PMS and PMDD? Doctors can now diagnose these conditions using specific prospective symptom tracking and have several evidence-based treatments. Antidepressants that increase serotonin, especially when taken only during the luteal phase, work best for severe symptoms. Survey study, 1994 How many different ways do researchers measure PMS in clinical trials? Researchers use many different measurement tools across studies. 65 different questionnaires were found in 350 trials of PMS drugs, making it hard to compare whether treatments actually work. Study, 2026 Does rimegepant help prevent migraines that happen around your period? Yes, in this study rimegepant worked well. Women who took it around their period had fewer, shorter, and less severe migraines, and their quality of life improved. However, this was a small study without a comparison group. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Do common migraine prevention drugs work as well for migraines around your period as other migraines? No. Two preventive drugs, anti-CGRP antibodies and botulinum toxin, significantly reduced regular migraines but had limited effect on perimenstrual migraines (those around the time of your period). This suggests perimenstrual migraine may need different treatment. Study, 2025 How can researchers better track hormone changes throughout the menstrual cycle? Researchers created a new method called PACTS that better tracks how hormones change across your entire menstrual cycle, making patterns easier to spot and potentially improving diagnosis. Cohort study, 2025 What causes migraine in female college students who have PMS? Among college students with PMS, those with migraine have worse sleep quality and higher anxiety. Poor sleep and anxiety appear to predict migraine risk. Randomised trial, 2023 Does the migraine drug ubrogepant work differently for period migraines than other migraines? No. In 734 women, ubrogepant worked about the same whether the migraine happened around the period or at other times. This is reliable information from a large study of an approved drug. Randomised trial, 2022 Does lasmiditan help with migraines around menstruation? Lasmiditan 200 mg helped more women achieve migraine pain freedom compared to placebo. At 2 hours, 33.6% of women taking the 200 mg dose had pain relief. Survey study, 2021 Are migraines around the period worse than migraines at other times? Yes. Migraines during the menstrual window last much longer, come back more often, and are more intense than migraines at other times of the cycle. Survey study, 2021 What is menstrual migraine and how common is it? Menstrual migraine is migraine linked to menstruation more often than by chance. It affects 20-25% of women with migraines in the general population and 22-70% of people seen at headache clinics. These migraines cause more disability than non-menstrual migraines. Review, 2019 How does the menstrual cycle affect migraine in women? Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle affect migraine. Menstrual migraine has long attacks and is difficult to treat. Survey study, 2015 Are neck problems linked to migraines during menstrual periods? Yes. Women with perimenstrual migraines had more neck problems including reduced movement, tight muscles, and muscle tenderness. Tight muscles, reduced nerve flexibility, and upper spine stiffness were associated with notably higher migraine risk. Review, 2013 What causes migraines linked to your period and how can they be treated? Menstrual migraines are triggered by estrogen level changes during the menstrual cycle. They significantly affect quality of life and can be managed with preventive medications and hormonal birth control. Randomised trial, 2013 Is frovatriptan better than other triptans for migraines caused by birth control? In 35 women with birth control-induced menstrual migraines, frovatriptan was similar to other triptans for fast pain relief but significantly better at keeping pain away longer and preventing migraine return. Case-control study, 2013 Are migraines linked to menstrual mood disorders and childhood sexual abuse? Migraine with aura is much more common in women with menstrual mood disorders (11 out of 88 versus none out of 86 in controls), and women with both a mood disorder and childhood sexual abuse history have about 12 times higher risk. The study shows association but not cause. Survey study, 2012 Is menstrual migraine a distinct type of migraine? Yes. More than 50% of women with migraine report a link to menstruation, and research supports treating menstrual migraine as a distinct condition with its own diagnostic criteria rather than just one trigger. Survey study, 2012 What treatments help menstrual migraine and PMS symptoms? Several treatments have evidence including triptans, NSAIDs, magnesium, phytoestrogens, and certain birth control pills. More research is needed to compare treatments. Review, 2012 Does estrogen therapy help migraines linked to the menstrual cycle? Evidence shows estrogen fluctuations trigger these migraines. Stopping these changes through treatment or menopause may help or sometimes worsen symptoms, though we need more research to confirm this works in practice. Review, 2012 Are triptans effective for migraines linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes, triptans effectively relieve severe, disabling, and recurring migraines linked to the menstrual cycle. This review summarizes evidence-based recommendations for using them. Randomised trial, 2011 Is frovatriptan as good as zolmitriptan for treating migraines tied to your period? Both drugs provide similar quick pain relief within 2 hours, but frovatriptan had fewer migraines returning within 24 hours, providing better sustained relief. Non-randomised trial, 2011 Does topiramate prevent migraines around the period? Yes. Topiramate reduces how often perimenstrual migraines happen, but does not reduce how severe or long they are. Randomised trial, 2011 Does an estradiol patch prevent migraines around your period? The estradiol patch did not work better than placebo at preventing menstrual migraines in this 27-woman study. Both the patch and placebo reduced migraines compared to baseline, making it unclear whether the improvement came from the drug or the placebo effect. Randomised trial, 2011 Does sumatriptan-naproxen help women with period migraines and period pain function better? Yes, women given the combination drug reported higher satisfaction, better work productivity, and less functional disability compared to placebo at 24 hours. Non-randomised trial, 2010 How accurate are different methods for diagnosing menstrual migraine? Different diagnostic methods identified different women as having menstrual migraine. The strictest method found fewer cases than the standard method, and 20% of women who thought they had menstrual migraines were not diagnosed by either method. Non-randomised trial, 2010 Are migraine attacks during the menstrual period worse than at other times? Yes, migraine attacks during the menstrual period are more disabling, last longer, and are more likely to return within 24 hours compared to attacks at other times. Case-control study, 2010 Are women with menstrual migraines more likely to be morning or evening people? No. This study found no difference in whether women with menstrual migraines or healthy women prefer mornings or evenings. Study, 2010 Are migraines around the menstrual cycle different from other migraines? Yes. Menstrual migraines last longer, cause more disability, respond less well to treatment, and come back more often within 24 hours compared to other migraines. Non-randomised trial, 2010 Does taking eletriptan around the time of menstruation prevent menstrual migraines? Yes, for most women. Taking eletriptan around menstruation reduced migraine activity by 46% overall. About 53% of women had all three of their menstrual periods completely migraine-free during treatment. Survey study, 2010 Do women with premenstrual asthma have more premenstrual symptoms overall? Yes. Women whose asthma worsens before their period had greater increases in most premenstrual symptoms, especially belly and breast tension, compared to women without this pattern. Review, 2009 Can hormonal treatments prevent migraines during menstruation? The review suggests reducing estrogen fluctuations with hormonal treatments may help prevent migraines linked to menstruation, but more research is needed. Survey study, 2008 Can a simple checklist help identify menstrual migraine? Yes. A 3-question tool works well at identifying menstrual migraine in women at gynecology clinics. Survey study, 2008 How common is menstrual migraine, and does pregnancy affect it? Menstrual migraine is common among women with migraines, affecting 18% when counting only those with migraine exclusively during their period. In women who became pregnant, migraine usually improved. Review, 2008 Are migraines linked to menstruation different from regular migraines? Probably yes. Menstrually-related migraines are more severe and disabling than regular migraines, with worse pain intensity and poorer response to medication. Study, 2008 What triggers migraine headaches in people? Emotional stress (64%), sleep problems (81%), and the premenstrual period (53% reported hormonal triggers) are major migraine triggers. Many people also reported dietary triggers and smells as causes. Study, 2004 Do migraine headaches change at different times of the menstrual cycle? For women whose migraines are linked to their cycle, migraine attacks during or near menstruation last longer and are harder to treat than migraines at other times. Review, 2003 Does bipolar disorder affect women differently than men? Yes. Bipolar disorder often starts later in women, who experience more depressive episodes and rapid mood cycling. The postpartum period is high-risk for onset or recurrence. Survey study, 2003 Does migraine risk change during menopause in women with PMS? Yes. In women with PMS, migraine is highest in late perimenopause at 31% and lowest after menopause at 7%. Hormone levels also affect migraine risk. Review, 2000 Do common diseases get worse before a woman's period? Yes. A significant number of women with asthma, arthritis, migraine, diabetes, depression, or epilepsy report that their symptoms get worse before their period, though doctors do not yet fully understand why. Review, 1998 How does the menstrual cycle affect other medical conditions? Many medical conditions worsen at specific points in the menstrual cycle because of sudden changes in hormone levels. This includes migraines, epilepsy, asthma, arthritis, irritable bowel syndrome, and diabetes. Case-control study, 1992 Do non-migraine headaches change across the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? Yes. Women with PMS have significantly more non-migraine headaches during the perimenstrual phase (around their period) and more severe headaches than women without PMS. Survey study, 2026 Do women with menstrual migraine have worse PMS and PMDD, and does coping strategy affect headache burden? Yes. Women with menstrual migraine had significantly higher PMS severity and PMDD rates than women without menstrual migraine. Using awareness and acceptance coping strategies reduced headache impact on quality of life. Case report, 2025 Can cluster headache happen before menstruation? Yes. A 28-year-old woman had severe one-sided headaches starting only in the weeks before her period, which was initially mistaken for migraine. When treated with oxygen and verapamil, the headaches stopped. Randomised trial, 2025 Can soy isoflavone supplements help with PMS and PMDD symptoms? This paper describes theoretical mechanisms through which soy isoflavone supplements could help PMS and PMDD by affecting hormones, neurotransmitters, and inflammation. However, it presents only theoretical pathways, not results from actual human trials, so real-world effectiveness remains unknown. Cohort study, 2025 Does migraine affect your ability to think clearly? Women with migraine performed as well as healthy women on a memory task, but their brains showed lower activity in a deep brain region after an attack. Results are from a small group, so we should be cautious. Randomised trial, 2025 Does rimegepant prevent migraines around your period? Rimegepant prevented perimenstrual migraines in 85% of cycles with no side effects in this small study of 5 women, but we need larger studies to be confident in these results. Study, 2025 Does a new way of tracking hormones in research align measurements better across different women? Yes. The new PACTS method improves how well researchers can align estrogen measurements during the first part of the menstrual cycle, though it works similarly to traditional methods for progesterone during the second part. Survey study, 2023 What menstrual symptoms do college students experience and what medicines do they use? The abstract does not clearly report the study findings. It concludes PMS is treatable and that education and lifestyle counseling can help. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Do anti-CGRP antibodies work the same for period-related migraines as other migraines? Yes. Both period-related and non-period-related migraine days improved equally when treated with anti-CGRP antibodies. Survey study, 2023 How common are migraines linked to the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? About 10.7% of reproductive age women in Saudi Arabia experienced migraines tied to their menstrual cycle. Among all women with migraine, 57.9% had migraines linked to their menstrual cycle. These migraines significantly interfered with work and daily activities. Survey study, 2023 Should doctors classify menstrual headaches based on how often they happen? Yes. Headache frequency and purity (whether it happens only around menstruation) should both be considered because they affect how severe the headaches are and what type they are. High-frequency headaches are more severe and similar to migraine. Survey study, 2022 Can psychological factors predict which women with migraines will have PMS? Yes. Women with migraines who struggle with emotions and have low confidence are more likely to have PMS. However, these factors explain only 11% of PMS cases. Interview study, 2021 Do women with migraines also tend to have premenstrual syndrome? Yes. In gynecology clinics, 76% had PMS and 94% had headaches during their premenstrual phase. In neurology clinics, 79% had PMS and 79% of those with headaches also had PMS. Researchers concluded this is not coincidence. Survey study, 2021 Are migraine headaches and PMS linked in medical students? Yes. About 80% of women with PMS had headaches, and about 81.5% had migraines. Women with PMS had a 70% higher risk of menstrual migraine than women without PMS. Survey study, 2018 Do women who get migraines during their period have more PMS symptoms? No. Women with menstrual migraine reported the same number of PMS symptoms as those without it. Survey study, 2017 How do hormones affect both migraines and mood? Estrogen affects both mood and migraines through serotonin and the trigeminal nerve system. Keeping estrogen stable with hormonal treatment may help both problems. Survey study, 2017 Does physical activity reduce PMS symptoms? Physical activity did not reduce how often women had PMS. However, it did reduce the severity of anxiety, anger, migraines, and abdominal bloating. The study cannot prove activity caused this because it was cross-sectional. Survey study, 2017 Can magnesium supplements help with premenstrual syndrome? This review of existing evidence says magnesium supplementation appears to help prevent premenstrual syndrome, along with period pain and menstrual migraine, but it does not test this itself with new data. Survey study, 2017 How common is migraine in women with PMS? About 1 in 7 medical students with PMS also had migraines. Most migraines occurred without visual symptoms and happened about 4 times per month. Results may not apply to all women since this studied only medical students. Survey study, 2015 Does migraine increase during menopause, and can hormone therapy help? Women who had PMS before menopause are more likely to experience increased migraine during the menopausal transition. Continuous hormone replacement therapy, particularly using skin patches or gels, may help prevent hormone-related migraine attacks. Review, 2014 Do birth control pills help PMS? Yes. Birth control pills can treat and prevent premenstrual syndrome according to this review, though the abstract does not provide specific details about the strength of benefit. Case report, 2013 Can mood disorder symptoms happen only during the second half of the menstrual cycle? One woman had cycles of high mood followed by low mood that happened only during the second half of her menstrual cycle, repeating each month. Study, 2013 What health problems can birth control pills help with besides preventing pregnancy? Many. Birth control pills can treat or prevent PMS, PMDD, painful periods, irregular bleeding, acne, cysts, endometriosis pain, fibroids, and reduce risk of some cancers. Randomised trial, 2013 Does Vitex agnus-castus reduce migraines in women with PMS? In this open-label study of women with both PMS and migraines, over 40% experienced major reduction in migraine frequency and duration. Without a control group, we cannot be certain the improvement was due to Vitex. Survey study, 2012 What health conditions occur with menstrual migraine? The research is unclear. While many studies have found various health conditions associated with migraine in general, very few have specifically examined what conditions occur with menstrual migraine. Review, 2012 Can birth control pills help prevent menstrual migraines? Some hormonal birth control products have been suggested to help prevent menstrual migraines, but this review does not provide clear evidence about which ones work or what concerns exist. Review, 2012 Why do girls get more migraines after puberty? Hormonal changes during puberty cause migraines to increase, especially in girls, leading to menstrual-related migraines. Study, 2011 Does the migraine medicine sumamigren work the same way for menstrual and non-menstrual migraines? Yes, sumamigren worked equally well for both menstrual and non-menstrual migraine attacks. The severity of symptoms and disability from attacks did not differ between the two types. Review, 2011 How do the hormones estrogen and progesterone affect the brain's activity, and could this explain PMS or PMDD? Estrogen tends to make brain cells more excitable, while progesterone and a substance it breaks down into tend to calm them. This balance may help explain PMS and PMDD, but this is a summary of existing research, not a new experiment. Survey study, 2011 Do hormones affect types of headaches other than migraines? This review suggests that hormones and menstruation do affect various types of headaches besides migraines. However, the evidence is not as clear or strong as the evidence for hormone-related migraines. Randomised trial, 2010 Does a sumatriptan and naproxen combination help menstrual migraine and period pain? Yes, the combination prevented prostaglandins from rising during attacks, unlike placebo. This was a very small pilot study with only 4 women. Survey study, 2010 Is menstrual migraine genetic? About one in three to five women with migraine have migraine around their period. People with menstrual migraine may have more relatives with migraine, but we need more research to know for sure. Review, 2010 Which genes are involved in menstrual migraine? Menstrual migraine involves genetics, hormones, and environment, but the specific genes responsible remain unclear. This review discusses the evidence and suggests future research directions. Survey study, 2010 What treatments work for migraine during the menstrual cycle? Triptans (migraine medicines) work well for stopping menstrual migraines. Medicines like naproxen and estrogen can help prevent migraines that mainly occur during the period or are hard to treat with other options. Survey study, 2010 Is headache during the period caused by migraine or PMS? Most women (76%) met migraine criteria, but many also had PMS. There was no clear difference in PMS severity between those with different types of headache. Case report, 2010 Do Meniere disease symptoms get worse before a woman's period? Yes, some women with Meniere disease report that their symptoms get worse during the premenstrual period. Hormonal changes may trigger this. Cohort study, 2009 What types of headaches do women with PMS experience? Migraine without aura is most common, occurring in 60 percent of women with PMS headaches, followed by tension-type headache in 30 percent. The type remained consistent for most women over time. Review, 2009 What medications work for migraines around the menstrual period? Multiple medications have evidence of benefit: sumatriptan, mefenamic acid, and rizatriptan for acute treatment, and estrogen patches, frovatriptan, and naratriptan for prevention. Whether preventive treatment provides significant additional benefit beyond placebo is unclear. Survey study, 2009 Can long-cycle birth control pills reduce PMS and menstrual symptoms? Long-cycle birth control pills may reduce PMS and related symptoms by lowering hormonal fluctuations. This is based on clinical opinion rather than a controlled trial. Cohort study, 2009 How common are menstrual migraines in teenage girls? About half of teenage girls who have started their period experience headaches around the time of menstruation. The pattern appears during adolescence and stays consistent once established. Survey study, 2009 How can menstrual migraines and headaches be treated? At least half of women with migraines experience menstrual-related migraines. Treatments like triptans and estradiol have been shown to be effective. This is a review article summarizing existing research, not new research. Cohort study, 2009 How common is PMDD among preschool teachers in one city? About 27.3 percent of teachers in this study had PMDD, which is higher than the 3 to 8 percent reported in general. Physical symptoms were the most bothersome. Case report, 2008 How do doctors diagnose and treat migraines linked to menstruation? Two case examples show that menstrual migraines are often diagnosed and managed together with other conditions like PMDD or depression. Treatment combines migraine prevention medication, management of mood disorders, and acute migraine treatments. Review, 2008 Why do migraines get worse around menstruation? Estrogen withdrawal appears to be the main trigger. It enhances nerve sensitivity and changes pain-related chemicals in the brain around the menstrual period. Review, 2008 Are menstrual migraines being diagnosed and treated well? No. Menstrual migraines are often not recognized and undertreated because women may see wrong specialists and doctors lack clear guidelines on when to use preventive medications. Cohort study, 2007 When do migraines and PMS symptoms occur during the menstrual cycle, and how are they related? Both migraines and PMS symptoms follow similar timing during the menstrual cycle, peaking around the time of the menstrual period. This suggests they may share a common cause. Survey study, 2007 Why does migraine get worse around menstruation and how can it be treated? Migraine in some women worsens around menstruation, probably because of declining estrogen after hormone levels drop. Treatment with triptans, NSAIDs, or other drugs can help acute attacks, and prevention strategies are available. Review, 2007 What causes menstrual migraine and how is it treated? Menstrual migraine is triggered by drops in estrogen and causes longer, more severe headaches than non-menstrual migraine. Initial treatment uses specific migraine medications, with hormone therapy as an option if that doesn't work. Cohort study, 2006 How should severe period pain in teenagers be treated? Regular pain relief medication (NSAIDs) started before periods begin may help. In one teenager, severe pain improved from 8 out of 10 to 5 out of 10. Non-randomised trial, 2006 Does the menstrual cycle affect brain activity differently in women with migraine? Yes, in this study women with migraine showed greater brain electrical changes during the premenstrual phase than healthy women, especially when stressed. This suggests the menstrual cycle and stress together may trigger migraine attacks. Randomised trial, 2006 Is PMS severity linked to how bad your migraines are? Yes, PMS and migraine severity are moderately connected. Women with migraines have worse PMS symptoms when their migraines are worse, throughout the menstrual cycle and even when hormones are surgically suppressed. Survey study, 2006 What percentage of Japanese high school girls have PMDD or PMS, and what affects it? About 8.4% have PMDD and 18.5% have PMS. Stress, poor sleep, less exercise, irregular eating, and headaches may increase risk. Study, 2005 Can a home fertility monitor predict when menstrual migraines will happen? Yes. A home fertility monitor accurately predicted ovulation and helped women time migraine prevention before their period started. Case-control study, 2004 Is job stress linked to having premenstrual symptoms? Yes, in this large survey of military women, high job stress was the strongest factor linked to premenstrual symptoms, with almost three times the risk compared to women without symptoms, but since this is an observational survey it cannot prove that stress causes the symptoms. Randomised trial, 2004 Does rofecoxib prevent migraines around menstruation? Yes, rofecoxib significantly reduced how often migraines occurred, cutting them roughly in half. Intensity and duration did not improve. Study, 2003 Do women with menstrual migraines have different brain responses to flashing lights at different cycle times? Yes, during the low-hormone phase, women with migraines showed different brain blood flow to flashing lights than control women, but not during the high-hormone phase. This small pilot study needs confirmation. Review, 2002 Do antidepressants help with PMDD symptoms? Some antidepressants appear to help relieve PMDD symptoms in controlled studies. The evidence comes from reviews of existing research rather than new data. Randomised trial, 2002 Does acupuncture treat PMS symptoms? Acupuncture may help PMS symptoms. 77.8% of women in the acupuncture group improved, compared to 5.9% in the placebo group. Survey study, 2001 Can hormonal changes cause headaches? Yes. Hormonal changes from starting your period, pregnancy, birth control, menopause, and hormone therapy can cause or worsen headaches, especially migraines. These headaches are difficult to treat. Review, 2001 Do common health conditions get worse at certain times in your menstrual cycle? Yes. Migraine, epilepsy, asthma, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and diabetes can worsen at certain points in the menstrual cycle. Study, 2001 Does estrogen or progesterone affect magnesium levels in brain blood vessels? Yes. High levels of estrogen and progesterone both decrease magnesium in brain blood vessel cells. Low progesterone increases magnesium. This may explain why migraines happen more often before the period. Survey study, 2000 How do female hormones affect headaches and migraines? Female hormones strongly influence headaches. Estrogen withdrawal (the drop in estrogen before the period) appears to trigger migraines more than sustained high or low estrogen levels. Hormones affect pain-processing brain systems. Survey study, 2000 What causes PMS and PMDD, and can medication help treat them? This review suggests PMS and PMDD may involve the brain's serotonin system reacting differently to normal hormone levels, and it reports that SSRI medications have helped relieve mood symptoms for most women in large trials. Survey study, 2000 How do female hormones affect migraines and headaches? Estrogen withdrawal appears to trigger menstrually-related migraines rather than sustained high or low hormone levels. Migraines are much more common in adult women than in men. Survey study, 1999 What causes menstrual migraine and how is it treated? Estrogen withdrawal around menstruation triggers migraines in susceptible women. Treatment includes NSAIDs, triptans, and other medications, with hormonal therapy if needed for severe cases. Case report, 1998 Does how women manage anger affect how bad their PMS gets? No, not significantly. Women who coped with anger differently had similar PMS severity. But stress from work and family life was linked to worse PMS. Survey study, 1997 Do women with PMS or menstrual migraine respond differently to stress? Women with PMS or menstrual migraine responded normally to a stress test, but had higher baseline blood pressure and overall arousal before and after the test. Review, 1997 Why do migraines happen around the menstrual cycle and are they connected to PMS? This is a review article that explains the hormonal reasons for menstrual migraines and discusses their possible link to PMS, but does not present new research findings. Cohort study, 1997 Do migraines get worse at certain times in the menstrual cycle? Only 20% of the women showed a significant relationship between their menstrual cycle and migraines. For those who did, the menstrual cycle explained a substantial amount of their migraine patterns, but the study suggests fewer women are substantially affected than previously thought. Interview study, 1996 Do antidepressants help treat PMDD and similar conditions? The evidence suggests antidepressants probably help, but the research quality is too varied to be certain. Better studies are needed. Survey study, 1996 How does the menstrual cycle affect the link between stress and migraines? The menstrual cycle changed how women coped with stress and how often they had migraines. The connection between stress and migraines was stronger at certain points in the cycle. Case-control study, 1994 Is the stress hormone system different in women with severe PMS? Yes. Women with severe PMS have altered control of their stress hormone system, with cortisol responding differently to hormonal stimuli, suggesting reduced opioid receptor sensitivity. Randomised trial, 1994 Does estradiol patches reduce menstrual migraine? No. The study found no significant difference between estradiol patches and placebo patches in reducing migraine attacks. Case report, 1994 Does vitamin D and calcium help with menstrual migraines and PMS? Yes. Both women had major reduction in headache attacks and premenstrual symptoms within 2 months. This suggests the treatment may help, but only two women were treated so we cannot be sure it works for everyone. Survey study, 1993 Does magnesium help with PMS? Magnesium appears to influence PMS symptoms and may interact with estrogen, but this is a review article, not a study of people receiving treatment, so we cannot say whether magnesium actually helps. Review, 1993 What psychiatric disorders in women show a premenstrual pattern? Many psychiatric and neurological disorders are more common in women than men and often show a premenstrual pattern of worsening symptoms. These conditions, along with premenstrual migraines, often respond to antidepressant medication. Survey study, 1993 Do women with menstrual migraine also have premenstrual syndrome? Many do. Fourteen of 22 women with menstrual migraine met diagnostic criteria for PMS, and their symptom patterns followed the same menstrual rhythm as women with PMS alone. Study, 1990 How does your menstrual cycle affect migraines? Migraines are strongly linked to your menstrual cycle. Falling estrogen at the start of your period triggers migraines in 10 to 20 per cent of women in the general population, and worsens attacks in 60 per cent of women who already have migraines. Survey study, 1989 Are there neurochemical differences in the premenstrual phase for women with menstrual migraines? Women with menstrual migraines show reduced brain hormone responses to a nerve-stimulating drug during the premenstrual phase, but not other times. This suggests a specific nerve system weakness that may explain premenstrual migraines. Survey study, 1988 Do women with premenstrual syndrome have abnormal opioid hormone activity during the menstrual cycle? The study found differences in how hormones respond to naloxone in women with PMS compared to controls, especially in the days before menstruation. The abstract is incomplete, so full findings are not presented. Study, 1986 Do women with menstrually-related migraine have different hormone levels than women with epilepsy? Yes, women with menstrually-related migraine had lower progesterone and estradiol levels than women with epilepsy. Their endorphin levels near menstruation showed a different pattern than the epilepsy group. Case report, 1985 What is PMS and how should doctors treat it? PMS is a cyclical condition with physical and psychological symptoms that occur 7-14 days before menstruation. About 30 percent of women experience PMS in a severe form at some point in their lives. Case-control study, 1985 Do women with menstrual migraine have different nerve activity patterns than others? Women with menstrual migraine show different patterns of nerve activity across the menstrual cycle compared to women without migraine. Hormone treatment may reduce these patterns. Study, 1984 Can oestradiol implants that stop ovulation relieve premenstrual syndrome? Yes. In this study, 84% of the 92 women treated had complete or almost complete relief of PMS symptoms, and 93% found the implants better than their previous treatments. Case report, 1983 Why is clinical judgment important in diagnosis alongside lab tests? One doctor's personal experience shows that lab tests can be unclear or inconclusive, and clinical judgment was essential for diagnosis. Study, 1983 Does indoprofen help premenstrual migraine? In this very small study, indoprofen appeared to reduce pain levels and decrease a prostaglandin marker in fluid from around the brain. Study, 1983 Does keeping steady oestradiol levels prevent menstrual migraines? Yes. When oestradiol levels were kept steady with implants, 20 out of 24 women (83%) became completely or almost completely headache-free, with no problems associated with the treatment. Cohort study, 1979 Do women's moods change with the menstrual cycle? Many women report cyclical mood changes across their menstrual cycle with irritability and depression in the premenstrual and menstrual phases and better moods mid-cycle, but scientists do not know whether hormones, psychology, or social factors cause these changes. Study, 1978 Do estrogen and progesterone help with premenstrual syndrome? Estrogens and progestagens are described as having positive effects on PMS. Without research data, we cannot tell how strong these effects are. Study, 1976 What causes migraine headaches linked to the menstrual cycle? A small study of 22 women with menstrual migraine found some had unusual levels of immune proteins in their blood. It's unclear whether this causes migraine or what it means for treatment. Study, 1976 What types of headaches are related to the menstrual cycle? A clinical description categorizes types of headaches including those linked to menstrual hormones, but provides no data about how common they are or how well treatments work. Study, 1975 What causes estrogen-withdrawal migraine and can estrogen supplements prevent it? Migraine happens when estrogen levels drop after being high for several days. Estrogen supplements taken before the period did not prevent menstrual migraines. Survey study, 1975 Is migraine linked to menstrual hormones? Migraine is linked to the menstrual cycle in some women. Women with migraine have higher hormone levels during the cycle, but no specific hormone change triggers attacks. Study, 1964 How can we measure premenstrual tension syndrome more accurately? Researchers developed two rating tools based on 42 women with severe premenstrual tension syndrome: a 36-item questionnaire women fill out and a 10-item scale for doctors and researchers to use. Study, 1962 Can hoarseness be a symptom of PMS? This clinical report describes hoarseness and loss of vocal control as symptoms of premenstrual tension, though the cause is not yet understood. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗