--- title: Perimenopause and menopause: 248 studies, explained | Niyora description: 248 studies on perimenopause and menopause and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it mean url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-perimenopause/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Perimenopause and menopause # Perimenopause and menopause: what the research says 248 studies on perimenopause and menopause in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 16 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 76 Review 51 Study 38 Cohort study 29 Randomised trial 21 Case-control study 11 Systematic review, 2026 Why do some women experience mood changes linked to their menstrual cycle? Evidence shows these women have normal hormone levels but heightened sensitivity in their brains and cells to hormone changes. This explains PMDD and some postpartum and perimenopausal mood problems, and has led to new treatments. Guideline, 2024 How should Xiangshao Granules be prescribed for premenstrual tension syndrome? Experts from 29 major hospitals have created standardized guidelines on how to use Xiangshao Granules for premenstrual tension, including dosage and timing. These recommendations come from multidisciplinary experts' review of current evidence. Systematic review, 2023 Does saffron help with PMS, labor pain, and menopause symptoms? Yes, saffron improves mood and reduces psychological symptoms of PMS and menopause, and helps reduce labor pain and recovery time, though limited studies exist. Cohort study, 2023 Do women with premenstrual disorders go through menopause earlier and have worse hot flashes? Yes. Women with premenstrual disorders went into menopause about 2.67 times earlier and were more likely to have moderate or severe hot flashes (68.3% versus 55.3%). Review, 2018 Which women are most likely to experience hot flashes during menopause? Up to 80% of women experience hot flashes during menopause, lasting about 10 years on average. Black and Hispanic women are more likely to experience them, while Asian women are less likely. Review, 2017 Can combining different types of treatments help PMS more than using one approach alone? Yes. An integrative approach combining medicines, supplements, mind-body techniques, acupuncture, and lifestyle changes can effectively address PMS. Review, 2012 How should premenstrual disorders be diagnosed and organized? An international group of medical experts created a unified system for defining and classifying premenstrual disorders, which separates typical PMS from more complex conditions. Review, 2012 How is PMS diagnosed and treated, especially in women approaching menopause? PMS affects 30-40% of reproductive-age women and responds to medications that suppress ovulation or SSRIs. Treatment must be customized to each woman's needs for contraception, PMS control, and symptom relief during the transition to menopause. Review, 2011 What are PMS and PMDD, and how common are they? PMS affects 20-32% of women before menopause with moderate mood and physical symptoms. PMDD is more severe and affects 3-8% of women, causing significant problems at work or socially. Systematic review, 2010 Does acupuncture treat premenstrual syndrome? Evidence for acupuncture treating PMS is limited and understudied. Most evidence focuses on period pain and menopause, but all evidence has quality problems. Randomised trial, 2006 Do herbal remedies help with PMS, pregnancy nausea, or hot flushes? Preliminary evidence suggests chaste tree helps PMS, ginger helps pregnancy nausea, and black cohosh helps hot flushes, but the evidence is not strong enough to be certain. Randomised trial, 2006 What herbs and dietary supplements have evidence for treating premenstrual syndrome? A review of research found that calcium, vitamin B6, and chasteberry have the strongest evidence from clinical trials for treating premenstrual syndrome. Randomised trial, 2005 Does stopping ovulation help irritable bowel syndrome that gets worse during the menstrual cycle? Yes, stopping ovulation with leuprolide acetate significantly improved bowel symptoms related to the menstrual cycle. Adding tibolone (a hormone) did not improve bowel symptoms further but did improve quality of life more than leuprolide alone. Cohort study, 2004 Do women with PMS have worse menopausal symptoms? Yes, women with PMS are significantly more likely to experience hot flushes, depression, poor sleep, and low libido during menopause. This large five-year study provides strong evidence for this connection. Cohort study, 1999 What causes negative mood during menopause? The menopause transition itself and hormone levels do not directly cause negative mood. Instead, past premenstrual problems, negative attitudes to aging, life stress, health problems, smoking, low exercise, and relationship issues are the main causes. Review, 1992 Is PMS really caused by hormones? The evidence that PMS is caused by hormones is unclear. Psychological and individualized treatments may work better than hormone treatments for PMS. Survey study, 2026 Are women who feel mood changes from birth control pills at higher risk for PMDD and postpartum depression? Yes. Women who reported mood problems from the pill were 3.78 times more likely to have PMDD and 1.66 times more likely to have depression after childbirth, though genetic factors and depression history also matter. Survey study, 2026 Does a history of mood problems with your period predict depression during menopause? Yes, women with a history of mood changes before their period or depression after childbirth were more likely to have depression symptoms during menopause. Review, 2026 How do hormone changes affect sleep in women? Hormonal changes during your menstrual cycle, including PMS and PMDD, cause sleep problems that appear at different times in your cycle. It's hard for doctors to diagnose what's really causing the problem because these symptoms overlap with other sleep disorders. Review, 2026 Do PMDD, postpartum depression and perimenopausal depression have the same genetic causes? It's unclear. Researchers have looked at several of the same genes in all three conditions but found inconsistent results. Most genetic research has focused on postpartum depression, not PMDD. Survey study, 2025 Do women with bipolar disorder who had PMS or postpartum depression have worse mood problems during menopause? Yes. Women with bipolar disorder who had premenstrual symptoms are 6.189 times more likely to have mood episodes during menopause, and those with postpartum depression are 2.635 times more likely to have depression during menopause. Cohort study, 2025 When during the menstrual cycle do breast tenderness and swelling occur? Breast tenderness and swelling happen mainly in the late luteal phase (after ovulation). They were higher in cycles with normal ovulation compared to cycles with ovulation problems. Study, 2025 Do women have different symptom patterns before, during, and after menopause? Yes. Women have different symptom patterns depending on whether they are before, during, or after menopause. All women experience fatigue, headache, anxiety, and brain fog regardless of life stage. Review, 2025 Does creatine supplementation help women's health? Creatine supplementation may improve muscle strength, exercise performance, mood, and cognitive function in women. However, most research so far is small and more studies are needed, especially in women approaching menopause. Study, 2025 Does the time in your menstrual cycle change how heart tests show results? Heart test results were similar at different cycle phases, but the body's response such as blood pressure and a heart protein marker was different, showing the menstrual cycle affects how your body responds to exercise. Study, 2025 Does anger get worse before your period? Yes. Anger and irritability are clearly more severe before your period across reproductive ages. Study, 2025 Can blood markers that predict depression after childbirth also predict PMDD? A blood marker linked to depression after childbirth also showed promise in identifying women with PMDD, particularly during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Systematic review, 2025 Do drugs that stop ovulation help women with PMS? The abstract is incomplete and does not provide the main results, so no clear answer can be determined from the information given. Cohort study, 2025 Does how consistently you sleep during your cycle affect your metabolism? Overall sleep variability was linked to lower insulin resistance. However, very short or very long sleep nights were linked to higher leptin and insulin levels. Review, 2025 How does progesterone affect mood and brain function? Progesterone influences how your brain processes emotions and manages stress. In women with PMDD, targeting progesterone receptors can improve mood symptoms before your period. Survey study, 2025 Do women with ringing in the ears have more menstrual problems? Yes. Women with ringing in their ears are more likely to have severe menstrual pain from a known cause and heavy periods, even after accounting for other factors like age and stress. Survey study, 2024 Does the menstrual cycle affect hair and scalp health? Yes. Women with irregular menstrual cycles are more likely to have hair and scalp problems. Hair and scalp disorders seem to change during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Study, 2024 How do finger temperature, heart rate, and sleep change across the menstrual cycle? Finger temperature and heart rate changed across the menstrual cycle, but sleep measures stayed the same in these healthy women. Heart rate was lowest during menses in both younger and older women. Lab study, 2023 Does sleep change across the menstrual cycle? No clear difference in healthy women. Objective sleep measurements remained stable across the menstrual cycle. Women approaching menopause reported feeling they slept worse overall compared to younger women, though their actual sleep duration was similar. Survey study, 2022 What are the biggest research gaps in women's health, especially for menstrual conditions? Research is lacking in many important areas, especially communication between women and doctors about health, and support for menstrual conditions like PMDD and heavy periods. There is more research on menopause but not on how to help women manage other conditions. Study, 2022 Which premenstrual symptoms change with the menstrual cycle in midlife women? Mood, muscle and nerve, and body-wide symptoms worsen before the period in women reporting PMS. Hot flashes and sleep problems do not follow this pattern, and menopausal transition stage does not affect any symptoms. Review, 2021 Do herbal products help with PMS? Chaste tree shows effectiveness for PMS, but more research is needed. Evidence for other herbs is still developing. Cohort study, 2020 How common is worsening asthma around the menstrual cycle in women with AERD? 24% of women with AERD reported menstrual asthma, meaning their asthma symptoms worsened around their period. This finding is reasonably reliable from a survey-based study. Review, 2019 How does the menstrual cycle affect migraine in women? Hormone changes during the menstrual cycle affect migraine. Menstrual migraine has long attacks and is difficult to treat. Study, 2018 Do irregular periods and menopause affect thinking and memory in women with schizophrenia? Yes. Women with schizophrenia who had irregular periods performed worse on tests of processing speed, word fluency, and word memory compared to women with regular periods. Women past menopause had worse performance on visual-spatial thinking. Lab study, 2018 How does depression affect menstrual function and fertility in women? Women with depression are more likely to have PMS and irregular periods. Depression also appears linked to fewer pregnancies and children. Depression starting at puberty has the worst effects on menstrual and reproductive health. Case-control study, 2017 Does heart rate change across your menstrual cycle if you have insomnia during menopause? Yes. Women with insomnia in the menopausal transition have heart rates about 4 beats per minute higher than controls throughout both phases of the cycle. Cohort study, 2016 Do women eat differently at different times in their menstrual cycle? Women eat more protein and report stronger food cravings during the second half of the cycle (luteal phase), especially for chocolate, sweets, and salt. Review, 2016 How do reproductive hormones affect mood and behavior in women? Reproductive hormones are powerful regulators of mood and behavior. Changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause can trigger mood problems in women who are biologically sensitive to these changes. Cohort study, 2015 Does drinking alcohol affect reproductive hormones or menstrual cycle regularity? Recent alcohol drinks raise reproductive hormone levels, but moderate drinking does not appear to disrupt menstrual cycle regularity in the short term. Case-control study, 2015 How does menstrual cycle phase affect sleep in midlife women with and without insomnia? Sleep is more disrupted during the luteal phase (high progesterone) than the follicular phase in midlife women, with more awakenings and less deep sleep. Women with insomnia had consistently worse sleep than women without insomnia in both phases. Randomised trial, 2015 Does menstrual cycle phase change how the body responds to stress when sleep-deprived? Sleep deprivation affected the heart and blood pressure similarly in both menstrual cycle phases. However, resting blood pressure was slightly lower during the luteal phase. Review, 2014 Are mental health problems linked to gynecological conditions like PMS and PMDD? Yes. Anxiety and depression are common with PMS and PMDD and are frequently undetected and untreated, affecting women's work, social and personal lives. Survey study, 2014 Do women who had PMS develop more hot flashes in menopause? No. Women with a history of premenstrual symptoms did not have more or worse hot flashes after menopause. However, those with a PMS history did report more problems with memory, mood, sleep, and feeling less attractive during the menopause transition. Study, 2014 Does team-based learning help medical students understand PMS and related conditions? Medical students in teams scored much higher on tests (averaging 94.33%) than when taking tests individually (averaging 72.80%), though they found applying the knowledge to complex cases harder (averaging 53.33%). Cohort study, 2013 How do menstrual cycle phase and hormonal birth control affect sleep? Women on hormonal birth control had better sleep quality and fewer breathing interruptions during sleep compared to women not on birth control. The effect of birth control was stronger than menstrual cycle phase. Survey study, 2013 Do past PMS symptoms predict how severe your menopause symptoms will be? Yes. Women with more severe pain, concentration problems, or water retention during the premenstrual phase were more likely to have severe physical symptoms during menopause. Survey study, 2013 Are menstrual symptoms common in middle-aged women and do they relate to hot flushes? Cramping is common (54%) but mood symptoms are less frequent (8-9%). Cramping and back pain were associated with hot flushes, suggesting hormonal changes may affect both. Randomised trial, 2013 Do women with depression whose symptoms worsen before their period respond differently to antidepressants? About two-thirds of depressed women report premenstrual worsening, and these women tend to have more chronic depression and medical problems. However, premenstrual worsening does not predict which antidepressants will work. Cohort study, 2012 Does a history of depression increase the risk of heavy menstrual bleeding? Yes. Women who had a past history of depression were about 1.89 times more likely to report heavy menstrual bleeding. Depression history was not linked to other bleeding problems or premenstrual symptoms. Cohort study, 2012 Does PMS affect how stiff arteries become and blood pressure? Yes, women with PMS showed increased artery stiffness during the later cycle phases and menstruation. Women who reported PMS symptoms before menopause had higher rates of high blood pressure and stiffer arteries after menopause. The study does not prove PMS causes these changes. Study, 2012 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect fainting episodes in women with fainting problems? No. The cycle phase doesn't change how often fainting happens or how well the test works. However, fainting episodes last longest during the period, and one type of fainting reaction is less common in the week after ovulation. Survey study, 2012 What non-hormonal medications and therapies help severe PMS and PMDD? SSRIs (a type of antidepressant) are well-established for severe PMS and PMDD, taken either continuously or during the luteal phase. Cognitive-behaviour therapy, calcium, and chasteberry may also help, though the strength of evidence varies. Review, 2012 Is depression linked to hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause? Yes. Depression tied to hormonal changes appears in the same women across three life stages (premenstrual, after birth, and menopause). Transdermal estrogen patches may be more effective as first-line treatment than antidepressants. Review, 2011 Can estrogen hormones treat depression linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes, transdermal estrogen can treat depression linked to the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause by suppressing cyclical hormone changes. The challenge is balancing multiple hormones and managing progestogen side effects. Cohort study, 2010 Does asthma or airway reactivity change around menstruation? Yes. Airway reactivity significantly increased in the days around menstruation in women not taking birth control (odds ratio 2.3), but birth control pills appeared protective and prevented this increase. Survey study, 2009 Can estrogen therapy help depression that worsens during hormonal cycle changes? High-dose estrogen has shown some success for depression linked to hormonal fluctuations, though standard antidepressants often do not work. Recognizing that depression follows the menstrual cycle or other hormonal changes is key to diagnosis. Study, 2009 Does evening primrose oil help treat PMS? No. Based on current evidence, evening primrose oil is likely ineffective for PMS. Most studies to date have had major methodologic flaws. Cohort study, 2008 Do headaches, irritability, and mood swings get worse or better during the transition to menopause? Surprisingly, these symptoms improve. Headaches decrease, and irritability and mood swings decline as women approach menopause, though these improvements are linked to hormone shifts and especially to a woman's PMS history and current stress. Survey study, 2007 Is depression before a period linked to depression at menopause? Yes. Women who were depressed premenstrually also tend to be depressed around menopause, suggesting a shared cause that may involve hormones, psychology, or both. This link held regardless of age or hormone therapy use. Survey study, 2007 Are diet and lifestyle factors associated with premenstrual symptoms? Most dietary factors were not related to PMS. Smoking increased symptoms, and alcohol was associated with fewer mood and headache symptoms. Case-control study, 2007 What environmental and hormonal factors affect asthma severity in women? Body weight and hormonal changes around the menstrual cycle are associated with asthma severity in women. Smoking and occupational exposures also increase severity. Review, 2006 How do brain hormones affect PMDD and mood problems during the menstrual cycle? Probably yes. Brain hormones that change during the menstrual cycle may trigger mood problems in PMDD by working similarly to anti-anxiety drugs. PMDD affects 2-6% of reproductive women. Randomised trial, 2006 Do women with a history of PMS react differently to hormone therapy after menopause? Yes. Women with a history of PMS had worse mood symptoms when progestin was added to estrogen, especially those with anxiety-related personality traits. Cohort study, 2006 Does the hormone change at menopause cause depressed mood in women who have never been depressed before? Yes. In this study women with no history of depression were much more likely to have high depression scores and diagnosed depressive disorders during the menopause transition, and this was linked to changing hormone levels, not just age. Study, 2006 Do women with depression during perimenopause also have premenstrual symptoms? Some do - about 21% of depressed perimenopausal women had premenstrual dysphoria compared to 3% of non-depressed women. However, not all depressed perimenopausal women have premenstrual symptoms. Study, 2005 Do women with depression experience worsening of symptoms before their period? Yes. 64% of women with depression reported worsening of symptoms in the 5 to 10 days before their period. This worsening appears linked to longer-lasting depression. Cohort study, 2004 Does stress affect the menstrual cycle? Over 2 years, women whose stress increased significantly had shorter cycles and shorter bleeds, while women with stable stress had longer cycles. A one-year snapshot showed no link. Randomised trial, 2004 Does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle affect mood and brain function? Yes. In the luteal phase, women showed slower word-finding, lower mood scores, and changes in stress hormone levels, though reaction times were faster. Randomised trial, 2004 Does a flavonoid supplement help with premenstrual fluid retention and leg swelling? The supplement improved women's sense of leg health but did not reduce actual leg swelling. Results for fluid retention approached but did not reach significance. Non-randomised trial, 2004 Are reproductive hormones abnormal in chronic fatigue syndrome? Reproductive hormones FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone were normal in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. However, cortisol (the stress hormone) was significantly lower than in healthy women. Review, 2004 How are PMS and perimenopause different, and how should they be treated? The two conditions have different causes: perimenopause comes from falling estrogen, while PMS comes from progesterone after ovulation. Treatment is difficult because estrogen helps perimenopause but requires added progestogen, which can trigger PMS symptoms again. Review, 2004 How should PMDD be treated with antidepressants? SSRIs and venlafaxine are effective for PMDD at normal doses taken either every day or intermittently during the luteal phase. Both dosing schedules work at normal doses but low doses do not. Study, 2003 Does cognitive behavioral therapy help premenstrual symptoms as well as medication? Possibly. Growing evidence suggests cognitive behavioral therapy may work as well as medication for premenstrual symptoms and is a good option for women who prefer not to take medicine. Study, 2003 Do breast tenderness and hot flushes follow a pattern during the month? Breast tenderness and night sweats clearly increased in the days before a period in most cycles. Daytime hot flushes did not show a clear pattern related to cycle timing overall, except in cycles when ovulation occurred. Cohort study, 2003 Does depression affect when women enter menopause? Women with a history of depression may enter menopause earlier than others. Those with more severe depression who also took antidepressants had nearly 3 times the risk of early menopause, though this is based on observation rather than a controlled test. Survey study, 2003 Does migraine risk change during menopause in women with PMS? Yes. In women with PMS, migraine is highest in late perimenopause at 31% and lowest after menopause at 7%. Hormone levels also affect migraine risk. Randomised trial, 2003 Does natural progesterone cause mood and physical symptoms in postmenopausal women? Yes, at a specific dose. Natural progesterone at 400 mg per day caused cyclical negative mood and physical symptoms in women without prior PMS, similar to PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2003 Does quality of life worsen during menopause, especially in women with PMS? Yes. Women in perimenopause and postmenopause reported lower quality of life than premenopausal women. Women with both PMS and menopausal symptoms had the lowest quality of life scores. Cohort study, 2003 How does the menstrual cycle affect women's sleep? We cannot yet draw clear conclusions because existing studies are small and use different methods. However, sleep is almost always disrupted during pregnancy and postpartum, and menopause often causes insomnia. Case-control study, 2002 Do menstrual characteristics and PMS differ in women with Parkinson's disease? Overall, women with Parkinson's disease had similar menstrual characteristics and PMS rates as healthy women. However, women whose disease started before menopause had notably more severe PMS and dysmenorrhea than those with later disease onset. Cohort study, 2002 How common is PMDD in midlife women, and what raises the risk? In this large community study, about 6.4% of women who tracked symptoms daily actually met the criteria for PMDD. Lower education, a past history of major depression, and current smoking were linked to higher odds of PMDD, while not working outside the home was linked to lower odds. Review, 2002 What are the reproductive-related mood disorders and how are they connected? Mood and anxiety disorders are more common in women around menstruation, after childbirth, and during perimenopause. They all appear linked to changes in ovarian hormones. Randomised trial, 2002 Do different doses of medroxyprogesterone affect mood in women on hormone replacement therapy? Both doses caused mood symptoms, but the higher dose improved mood in women with a prior PMS history. This small randomized trial suggests lower doses do not help. Survey study, 2002 What treatments work for depression linked to the menstrual cycle and PMDD? Serotonin-boosting antidepressants (SSRIs) are the first-line treatment for severe PMS and PMDD and consistently work. Progesterone does not work for mood symptoms, despite being widely prescribed. Randomised trial, 2001 Does hormone replacement therapy change serotonin receptors in postmenopausal women? No significant change was found in serotonin transporter or 5-HT2A receptor binding with hormone treatment in healthy postmenopausal women, though depressed women showed a more pronounced effect. Case-control study, 2001 Do women with seasonal depression have PMDD more often than other women? Yes. Women with seasonal depression are much more likely to have PMDD - 46 percent versus 2 percent in a healthy control group (P<0.001). Randomised trial, 2001 Does lisuride maleate help premenstrual breast pain? Yes. Lisuride maleate significantly reduced premenstrual breast pain compared to placebo, with no significant side effects reported. Guideline, 2001 What is the best treatment for PMDD and depression in women? For severe PMDD symptoms, doctors recommend antidepressant medication combined with therapy. For mild symptoms, therapy alone or lifestyle approaches may work as well or better than medication. Randomised trial, 2000 Which progestin causes fewer mood problems during hormone replacement therapy? Medroxyprogesterone caused fewer negative mood symptoms than norethindrone in women without PMS history. This randomized trial found both medications caused strong mood effects in women with a PMS history. Study, 2000 Is it easier to quit smoking at a particular time in the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women who quit smoking during the first 14 days of their cycle experienced fewer withdrawal symptoms and less depression compared to women who quit later in their cycle. Cohort study, 1999 How common are depression symptoms in women in their late 30s and early 40s, and what predicts them? About 22% of women aged 36-44 showed depression symptoms. Marital status, smoking, and having children predicted depression risk more than menstrual cycle changes alone. Review, 1998 How does estrogen affect serotonin and what does this mean for mood disorders like PMS? Estrogen modulates serotonin in the brain, and this interaction is likely important for understanding PMS and perimenopausal depression. This is a theoretical framework synthesizing existing research, not a new experimental finding. Case-control study, 1998 Do women with PMS get hot flashes? Most women with PMS experience episodes like hot flashes. They happen about 5.6 times per cycle on average, much more often than in women without cycle-related symptoms. Survey study, 1998 Do women who had premenstrual problems earlier have more mental health issues during menopause? Yes. Women who reported premenstrual dysphoria were much more likely to have psychiatric symptoms at menopause. However, this is cross-sectional so we don't know if one caused the other. Survey study, 1998 Does a history of premenstrual problems predict worse symptoms during menopause? Yes. Women who had premenstrual problems experienced more physical and psychological symptoms during the menopause transition. Survey study, 1996 Do women who had severe PMS get more hot flushes in menopause? Yes. About 49% of women with moderate to severe hot flushes had previously experienced moderate to severe PMS, compared to only 24% of women with little or no hot flushes. Women with hot flushes were also more likely to report their mothers had them. Case-control study, 1996 What is linked to hot flushes during midlife and menopause? Hot flushes are linked to higher FSH levels, lower estradiol, and a history of premenstrual complaints. They become increasingly common as women approach and pass their final menstrual period. Survey study, 1996 What symptoms do women experience before their period, and do they stay the same over time? Women experience five main types of symptoms in the week before their period: mood symptoms, hot flashes, body aches, muscle and nerve symptoms, and sleep problems. Mood symptoms are most consistent over time. Case-control study, 1994 Do women with a history of PMS have higher risk of osteoporosis? Women who had PMS symptoms or irregular periods in the past were more likely to develop osteoporosis after menopause. However, because women had to remember their past symptoms years later, the accuracy of these results is uncertain. Survey study, 1993 Are women with menopause distress more likely to have had past depression linked to their periods? Yes, clearly. Women with high distress at menopause were much more likely to report past depression, needing antidepressant treatment, distress from birth control, PMS symptoms, baby blues, and postpartum depression. Study, 1992 Does weight loss medication with diet help overweight women lose weight and improve gynecological symptoms? Among women who completed 3 months of treatment with dexfenfluramine and diet, 80% lost weight with an average loss of 7.2 kg. Younger women also reported improvement in premenstrual symptoms. Randomised trial, 1986 Does the progestin norethisterone cause premenstrual syndrome-like symptoms? Yes, norethisterone caused dose-related adverse effects similar to PMS, particularly at the higher dose. This helps researchers understand what causes PMS. Survey study, 2026 Do women with ADHD have worse menstrual, pregnancy, and menopause symptoms? Yes, in this large survey women with ADHD reported significantly more menstrual irregularity, worse premenstrual symptoms, higher postpartum depression, and more severe menopausal symptoms than women without ADHD. Systematic review, 2026 Does childhood trauma increase the risk for PMS, PMDD, and related mood disorders? Yes, childhood trauma appears to increase the risk for these mood disorders. Emotional abuse in childhood was most strongly linked. Childhood trauma may make women more sensitive to hormonal fluctuations during the menstrual cycle. Survey study, 2026 What substances do people use to manage premenstrual symptoms? People most commonly use cannabis, alcohol, and psychedelics to manage premenstrual mood symptoms. People with PMDD use cannabis much more often than others, but we don't yet know how well these substances actually work. Cohort study, 2026 Can one questionnaire help doctors tell the difference between PMS, PMDD, and other mood disorders? Researchers created a new questionnaire called COMPASS designed to help doctors distinguish PMS, PMDD, and perimenopause from conditions like depression, personality disorders, and trauma disorders that cause similar symptoms. Survey study, 2026 How do hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect sleep? Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect sleep quality. Women with PMS or PMDD often have poor sleep and daytime fatigue. During menopause, 40 to 60 out of 100 women have sleep problems due to falling estrogen and hot flashes. Study, 2026 What is Japan's obstetrics and gynecology society doing about PMS and PMDD awareness? This report describes committee activities for the 2025 fiscal year, including work on raising awareness of PMS and PMDD, but it does not present new research results or test any treatment. Survey study, 2025 Does the menstrual cycle affect how women think of words? The menstrual cycle affects the thinking strategies women use to find words, especially in younger women, but does not clearly change how many words they produce. Review, 2025 Do herbal remedies help with menstrual and menopausal symptoms? Several herbs have been traditionally used and may help with menstrual pain, irregular cycles, mood changes, and heavy bleeding. More rigorous testing is needed to confirm these effects, and you should talk to your doctor before using herbs, especially if you take other medicines. Survey study, 2025 What are women's experiences getting healthcare for PMS and PMDD? Many women with PMS and PMDD face long delays and see multiple doctors. They often report poor quality care and poor mental health outcomes. Randomised trial, 2025 Can nutrients help PMS by regulating multiple body systems? The paper proposes a theoretical framework suggesting nutrients could work across brain, hormone, blood vessel, and metabolic systems to help PMS. No evidence is presented. This is a conceptual proposal requiring clinical trials. Randomised trial, 2025 Can soy isoflavone supplements help with PMS and PMDD symptoms? This paper describes theoretical mechanisms through which soy isoflavone supplements could help PMS and PMDD by affecting hormones, neurotransmitters, and inflammation. However, it presents only theoretical pathways, not results from actual human trials, so real-world effectiveness remains unknown. Survey study, 2025 Do PMS and menopausal symptoms make loneliness worse when women experience COVID-related stress? Yes, PMS symptoms were associated with greater loneliness in pre-menopausal women with COVID-related stress, particularly through the emotional symptoms of PMS. Study, 2025 Could ginkgo biloba, soy, and other nutrients help hormone-related mood problems like PMS and PMDD? This paper presents a theoretical model suggesting ginkgo biloba, soy isoflavones, and supporting nutrients might together support hormone, blood vessel, and brain chemical balance in conditions such as PMS and PMDD. It is not a new study in women, so we cannot know how well it works. Survey study, 2025 How do hormonal changes affect ADHD symptoms in women? Hormonal changes significantly impact women with ADHD. Symptoms may get worse during certain parts of the menstrual cycle and after childbirth, often with mood and sleep problems. Review, 2025 Do changing hormone levels across the menstrual cycle and into menopause affect mental health? Yes, this review says that shifts in estrogen and progesterone across the reproductive lifespan are linked to mood conditions like PMS, PMDD, and mood problems during perimenopause and menopause, but it does not test this directly, it summarises other research. Review, 2025 Can estrogen and progesterone be used to treat mood disorders in women? This review discusses how female hormones affect the brain and may play a role in mood disorders like PMDD. It does not provide specific findings about whether hormone treatment works. Survey study, 2024 Do daughters' premenstrual symptoms match their mothers' previous premenstrual symptoms? Some symptoms like anxiety and bloating were similar between mothers and daughters. Daughters' anxiety and fatigue were linked to their mothers' psychological menopausal symptoms. Survey study, 2024 How do hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect gut health and mood? Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect the bacteria in the gut and mood. Higher progesterone levels in the premenstrual phase are linked with worse bloating, constipation, and mood swings. Approximately 50% to 80% of women experience premenstrual symptoms that affect daily life. Systematic review, 2024 Can saffron help with PMS, dysmenorrhea, and other women's health problems? Yes, saffron appears to help with dysmenorrhea, PMS, menopause, and other reproductive issues through its antioxidant and hormone-regulating properties, though most evidence comes from lab studies. Cohort study, 2023 Do women who had PMS experience worse menopausal symptoms? Women with previous PMS had worse emotional and physical menopausal symptoms and lower quality of life, but not worse hot flashes or sexual symptoms. The evidence is weak because women were asked to remember their PMS from years earlier. Interview study, 2023 Does the menstrual cycle affect mental health in women admitted to hospital for psychiatric care? Of 16 women who had a recent period, 10 reported that their mental health got worse before their period. Symptoms included increased thoughts of suicide, anger, low mood, and unusual experiences. Review, 2023 How does the stress response system affect depression during reproductive stages like PMDD? The HPA axis, which controls the stress response, changes during reproductive stages and plays an important role in depression risk at vulnerable times like PMDD, after birth, and perimenopause. Past stress and trauma exposure increase this risk. Randomised trial, 2022 Does a B6 supplement with herbs help sleep and anxiety in PMS and menopause? Yes, the supplement improved sleep problems by 46.6% and anxiety by 23.2% in women with PMS and those in menopause transition. Survey study, 2022 Does a brain chemical called BDNF predict mood changes in perimenopausal women with depression? Yes. Women with perimenopausal depression who had higher BDNF levels had worse mood symptoms, which differs from typical depression patterns. Review, 2022 Does mood and anxiety worsen during menstruation? Yes. Psychiatric disorders occur during menstruation in up to 80% of women and can affect menstrual health, fertility, and sexual function. Survey study, 2022 Do autistic women experience more PMDD and worse menopausal symptoms than non-autistic women? Autistic women did not have more PMDD than non-autistic women (14.3% vs 9.5%), but they reported worse menopausal symptoms linked to depression. Case report, 2022 Can stopping the menstrual cycle help women whose arthritis gets worse before their period? One woman whose arthritis flared severely before her period improved significantly when her menstrual cycle was controlled with hormones. Case report, 2021 Can dydrogesterone help period pain, irregular cycles, PMS, and pregnancy loss, not just menopause? This review of past evidence, together with an account of one woman's care, suggests dydrogesterone may help with these conditions, but it does not report new trial results of its own. Review, 2021 Do premenstrual mood symptoms change during perimenopause? Yes, hormonal changes during early perimenopause may worsen premenstrual mood disorders in some women. Doctors should monitor women with PMDD as they approach midlife for worsening symptoms. Survey study, 2021 Are women with ADHD more likely to experience PMDD and postpartum depression? Yes, very much so. Women with ADHD have significantly higher rates of PMDD and postpartum depression compared to the general population. Review, 2020 Does pollen extract help with menopausal symptoms and premenstrual syndrome? A review found that pollen extract safely reduced menopausal symptoms and PMS without providing estrogen, working like certain antidepressants. However, this is a summary of other studies, not new research. Survey study, 2019 Does allopregnanolone, a hormone made from progesterone, affect premenstrual mood? Growing evidence suggests allopregnanolone may influence mood during the premenstrual phase and other reproductive times, but exactly how it works is not yet clear. Cohort study, 2018 How do hormone changes during your menstrual cycle affect symptoms? Sleep and headache symptoms tend to get worse around your period when hormones change most. When hormones fluctuate more throughout your cycle, mood problems and hot flashes worsen. Survey study, 2018 Can nutrition education about soy foods help with PMS? Yes. Four education sessions about isoflavone foods increased what students knew, how they felt about soy, and how much they ate these foods. PMS symptoms decreased slowly as students ate more of these foods. Study, 2017 Can herbs help with premenstrual syndrome and menopause symptoms? According to this article, yes. Many complementary and alternative therapies including herbs may help relieve premenstrual and menopausal symptoms. Survey study, 2017 Can magnesium supplements help with premenstrual syndrome? This review of existing evidence says magnesium supplementation appears to help prevent premenstrual syndrome, along with period pain and menstrual migraine, but it does not test this itself with new data. Study, 2017 Can gynecologists help find and treat depression in women? Yes. Since gynecologists see women during times when depression risk is highest, they can screen for depression and help with treatment. Study, 2017 Does micronized progesterone treat severe PMS in women approaching menopause? Yes. After three months of treatment, 86.5% of women had complete relief of their symptoms and 13.5% had decreased symptoms. Survey study, 2016 How do mental health conditions change during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and perimenopause? Women have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders than men. This review found that these conditions may change during the premenstrual phase and other reproductive stages, though it summarized existing research rather than testing new treatments. Survey study, 2015 Do emotional problems get worse before menstruation for women veterans? Yes, about 4 in 10 women veterans reported their emotional problems got worse before menstruation. Many also reported emotional changes during pregnancy, after birth, and perimenopause. Survey study, 2015 Does migraine increase during menopause, and can hormone therapy help? Women who had PMS before menopause are more likely to experience increased migraine during the menopausal transition. Continuous hormone replacement therapy, particularly using skin patches or gels, may help prevent hormone-related migraine attacks. Survey study, 2015 Does changing hormones during menopause cause depression? Changing hormones during menopause may disrupt the body's stress-management system, making depression more likely. This is a theory based on reviewing research, not new evidence from testing. Survey study, 2015 Which screening tool is best for diagnosing PMDD and menstrual-related psychiatric conditions? There is no agreed-upon best tool. Different studies use different definitions and methods, making it hard to compare research and provide consistent care. Survey study, 2015 Does lower estrogen during menopause cause depression and anxiety? Women going through menopause who had depression had lower estrogen levels than those without depression, suggesting a link. The very small sample means we cannot prove this causes depression. Review, 2014 Do birth control pills help PMS? Yes. Birth control pills can treat and prevent premenstrual syndrome according to this review, though the abstract does not provide specific details about the strength of benefit. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does hormone therapy help women with depression linked to periods and menopause? Yes. Thirty-five percent reported being cured and 55 percent had considerable improvement. For 94 percent, hormone therapy was life-changing for the better, and none reported worsening. Survey study, 2014 How do menstrual problems affect quality of life in working women? Heavy periods and PMS both significantly reduced quality of life for working women. The study used a standardized quality-of-life measure but did not report specific numbers. Survey study, 2014 Does the rise in progesterone during the menstrual cycle disrupt sleep? Yes. Sleep was more disrupted when progesterone was rising sharply and when estrone levels were higher, both linked to the time after ovulation. The study was very small with only 27 women. Survey study, 2014 How common are PMS and PMDD in middle-aged women going through perimenopause? Approximately 95% of perimenopausal women had PMS and 23% had PMDD. Women with PMDD were significantly more likely to have severe menstrual pain. Survey study, 2013 What role do neurosteroids play in women's health? Neurosteroids are chemicals in the brain and nervous system that control how nerve cells work. They may be useful for treating health issues related to aging and reproductive hormones. Study, 2012 Does mugwort help with premenstrual syndrome? Mugwort is used traditionally for PMS and contains a compound that may work through serotonin. However, there is no clinical research evidence presented here, only historical uses. Cohort study, 2010 How do anxiety disorders differ across different life stages? The provided summary focuses on anxiety in children and risk factors. The section about women and hormones is cut off in the provided text, so no conclusion about menstrual-related anxiety can be drawn. Review, 2010 Is the menopause transition a risky time for depression to develop? Yes, some women are at higher risk of depression during the transition to menopause, and women with a history of severe PMS may be especially vulnerable. Case report, 2010 Does black cohosh cause blood clots and fluid retention? One woman using black cohosh developed blood clots, fluid retention, and liver inflammation. This is rare, but doctors should consider it in women with these symptoms who are using black cohosh. Survey study, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle affect sleep quality in women with sleep problems? Yes. Women with irregular periods were 2.1 times more likely to report trouble falling asleep and staying asleep, but this study only included women who already had sleep complaints. Study, 2010 Does Justicia pectoralis extract have hormone-like effects that could help PMS or menopause? In lab tests, yes. The extract showed estrogenic, progestagenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, this was done in cells and test tubes, not people, so we don't yet know if it actually helps people. Review, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle make mental and physical health problems worse? Yes. Many medical and mental health conditions get worse at specific phases of the menstrual cycle, particularly during the luteal phase when premenstrual dysphoric disorder (a severe form of PMS) and depression commonly occur. Survey study, 2010 How common are premenstrual symptoms in women around age 40? About 38% of women around age 40 had three or more premenstrual symptoms, and about 4.7% reported them as severe. Review, 2010 What alternative medicine treatments do women use for PMS? Nearly 50% of women in the US use complementary and alternative medicine for various health conditions including PMS, but the review does not report specific effectiveness for PMS. Randomised trial, 2009 What does research show about alternative treatments like herbs and supplements for PMS? There is limited evidence from well-designed studies on herbs, supplements, and vitamins for PMS. More research is needed to determine which treatments are safe and effective. Randomised trial, 2009 Does a combination of St. John's Wort and Chaste Tree help PMS-like symptoms in perimenopausal women? The herbal combination significantly improved PMS symptoms, especially depression and food cravings, compared to placebo. The study was very small with only 14 women. Review, 2009 Can probiotics help with premenstrual syndrome? The review notes that probiotics for PMS are described as 'rather hypothetical' and mostly studied by alternative medicine practitioners, without strong scientific evidence. Study, 2009 Can the standard mental health diagnostic interview assess PMS and PMDD adequately? No. The standard interview does not assess PMS, PMDD, or other women-specific mental health conditions. New diagnostic modules were developed to address this gap. Survey study, 2009 Does hormonal change cause chocolate cravings around the period? Chocolate cravings decreased by only 13.4% after menopause, much less than the 38% decrease that would be expected if hormones were the main cause, suggesting stress or other personal factors are the main drivers. Review, 2009 What health issues are especially important for women's wellness throughout their lives? The review describes women's wellness as broad life satisfaction including reproductive, hormonal, bone, and gastrointestinal health. Cohort study, 2008 How can menstrual-related irritability be measured reliably? Researchers developed two rating scales for measuring menstrual-related irritability. Both the 14-item self-report and 5-item observer scales showed strong reliability and consistency. Case report, 2008 Can a workplace support system help women with menstrual problems at work? A Japanese company set up a support system for women's health, and after it started, fewer women left their jobs early because of menstrual disorders, miscarriage, or menopause problems. This is one company's experience, not a controlled study, so it cannot prove the system alone caused the change. Non-randomised trial, 2008 Does verbal memory change during different phases of the menstrual cycle or with oral contraceptives? Verbal memory did not change across the natural menstrual cycle, but women taking oral contraceptives showed better verbal memory during the active pill phase. The effect on memory does not match how natural estrogen levels change. Survey study, 2008 Does estradiol hormone level affect memory across the menstrual cycle? No clear relationship was found between estradiol level and how well women remembered words. However, estradiol level did relate to brain activity in a memory region. Case-control study, 2008 Do women with seizures that worsen around their period have different hormone levels? Yes. Women whose seizures get worse before their period have lower THDOC levels and a lower DHEAS/cortisol ratio throughout their cycle (p < 0.05), which might explain their worsening seizures. Survey study, 2008 Does smoking cause menstrual problems? Yes, in this study. Smoking women had higher rates of menstrual problems including painful periods, sore breasts, and mood changes before their period. Review, 2007 Is drospirenone an effective ingredient in birth control pills for PMDD? Birth control pills containing drospirenone appear safer and better tolerated than other low-dose pills for mood changes, acne, and severe PMS (PMDD), with similar overall safety profiles. Cohort study, 2007 Do women with depression or bipolar disorder experience premenstrual mood symptoms? 67.7% of women with major depression or bipolar disorder reported premenstrual mood symptoms, significantly more than women without mood disorders. The rates were similar between the two diagnoses. Survey study, 2006 Does the menstrual cycle affect how severe OCD symptoms are? Yes. For many women with OCD, symptoms get worse before their period, with nearly half reporting this pattern. The menstrual cycle should be considered when assessing OCD severity. Survey study, 2006 Does estrogen replacement improve thinking abilities after menopause? Women after menopause who used estrogen replacement significantly outperformed women who did not on a test of complex thinking, even after accounting for age and education. This small study (48 women) with a single snapshot in time suggests benefits, but findings should be tested in larger studies. Survey study, 2005 Does a genetic variant in the estrogen receptor gene affect premenstrual and menopausal symptoms? Yes. Women with the SS genotype had 7.6-fold increased risk of premenstrual symptoms, 7-fold increased risk of hot flashes, and 13-fold increased risk of psychological symptoms compared to other genotypes. Randomised trial, 2005 Can estrogen treat depression linked to hormonal changes? Estrogen affects mood through brain chemistry, but there is not enough evidence to recommend it as a main treatment. SSRIs (a type of antidepressant) remain the standard choice. Survey study, 2005 Does the menstrual cycle affect obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms? Yes, for some women. OCD started at menarche in 22% of women and worsened premenstrually in 20%. It worsened after childbirth in 50% of women who became pregnant. Study, 2004 Did SSRIs change what people thought of as depression in women? Between 1985 and 2000, as SSRIs became available for PMDD and related conditions, popular media began describing menstruation, motherhood, and childbirth as potential signs of depression. Survey study, 2004 How does the menstrual cycle affect sleep problems in women? Sleep problems in women are connected to hormone changes during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and menopause. Medical systems recognize premenstrual insomnia and oversleeping as sleep disorders linked to the cycle. Survey study, 2003 Do hormone levels change during the menstrual cycle in women with depression? Yes. Women with depression had higher levels of a chemical called homocysteine in the early cycle compared to the late cycle, and overall higher levels than healthy women. Review, 2003 Does paroxetine, an antidepressant, help PMDD symptoms? Clinical trials show evidence that paroxetine (an SSRI antidepressant) helps treat PMDD. This review summarizes what those trials found. Survey study, 2003 What hormone changes happen during the transition to menopause? A study of 40 women aged 43–52 transitioning to menopause found that inhibin-A hormone levels were lower than in younger women, with the largest decreases in those who had stopped ovulating. Review, 2002 Are women more likely to get depression, especially due to hormonal changes? Yes. Women have 1.7 to 2.7 times higher risk of depression in their lifetime compared to men, and hormonal changes around puberty, periods, and menopause increase that risk. Review, 2002 What supplements or alternative treatments help PMS symptoms? Several supplements show evidence for helping PMS: calcium, magnesium, vitamin E, thiamine (vitamin B1), and omega-3 fatty acids. Japanese herbal formulas may also help. Review, 2002 Are hormone problems the cause of PMS? No clear hormone abnormalities have been found in people with PMS, even though hormones seem connected to mood. A treatment that stops monthly cycles improved mood, but why this works is still unclear. Survey study, 2002 Does the premenstrual period trigger multiple sclerosis flare-ups in women? In about 42% of women with MS, flare-ups were more likely during the premenstrual phase, suggesting it may be a trigger for some women. The evidence is not definitive as this was a small observational study. Cohort study, 2001 Do women with PMDD who have never had depression differ from those who have? Women with PMDD and no past depression history tend to be more educated and more likely to have experienced relationship breakdown, but are otherwise similar to women with PMDD who have had depression. Randomised trial, 2001 Do changing reproductive hormones disrupt the body's internal clock and cause mood disorders? The authors propose that reproductive hormones may disrupt the body's internal clock in susceptible women, but this is a theory not yet proven. Women have twice the rate of depression as men. Survey study, 2001 Can hormonal changes cause headaches? Yes. Hormonal changes from starting your period, pregnancy, birth control, menopause, and hormone therapy can cause or worsen headaches, especially migraines. These headaches are difficult to treat. Case-control study, 2001 Do brain chemical levels change across the menstrual cycle and differ in women with PMDD? Brain chemical levels do change measurably across the menstrual cycle in both women with PMDD and healthy women. However, the changes were similar between the two groups, so brain chemistry patterns alone do not distinguish PMDD from normal. Survey study, 2001 How do steroid hormones affect the brain and cause symptoms? Steroid hormones can rapidly change brain activity and behavior within seconds to minutes. This review discusses these fast effects in relation to premenstrual syndrome and other conditions. Study, 2001 What are the current treatment options for PMS and PMDD? SSRIs (a type of antidepressant) are used for severe PMDD, while milder PMS receives various medical and non-medical treatments. Better understanding of how hormones work is needed to develop improved treatments. Survey study, 2001 Do antidepressants work for PMDD? Yes, according to this review. Serotonergic antidepressants have shown effectiveness for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, whether taken every day or just during the luteal phase before the period. Survey study, 2000 Why do women get more anxious when hormone levels drop? Falling estrogen and progesterone levels may trigger anxiety and mood disorders by affecting how brain receptors that control anxiety and mood work. The exact mechanism is not yet fully understood. Survey study, 2000 How do female hormones affect headaches and migraines? Female hormones strongly influence headaches. Estrogen withdrawal (the drop in estrogen before the period) appears to trigger migraines more than sustained high or low estrogen levels. Hormones affect pain-processing brain systems. Study, 2000 How does depression in women differ from depression in men, and how can it be treated? Depression is twice as common in women as in men. Women experience different symptoms, different patterns of illness, and may respond differently to treatment. Hormonal changes during menstruation, birth control use, pregnancy, menopause, and aging can trigger or worsen depression. Survey study, 2000 How do female hormones affect migraines and headaches? Estrogen withdrawal appears to trigger menstrually-related migraines rather than sustained high or low hormone levels. Migraines are much more common in adult women than in men. Review, 2000 Do antidepressants work differently for women, and can they help PMDD? This expert review suggests newer antidepressants (SSRIs) may work better than older ones in women and may help premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD), including when taken only in part of the cycle, but it is an opinion piece summarising other research, not a new trial. Review, 1999 Could testosterone help women with PMS? Testosterone might help PMS symptoms according to this review, but it is only listed as a possible use without presenting evidence from studies. Cohort study, 1999 Is cyclical breast pain always a sign of premenstrual syndrome? No. In this study, 82% of women with regular monthly breast pain did not meet criteria for PMS, suggesting cyclical breast pain is often a separate condition. Study, 1999 Why is depression more common in women than men? Women are twice more likely than men to suffer from depression. This is related to biological, psychological, and social factors, especially during reproductive years when hormone changes occur. Review, 1999 Can different progestin hormones help treat various women's health problems before menopause? This is a general overview article, not a new study. It explains that different progestins may suit different conditions, but it gives no trial results to prove any specific benefit. Survey study, 1999 Do women's voices change before their period? Yes. About one in three women experience voice problems starting 4-5 days before their period. When 97 women with this problem were given vitamins, blood flow medicines, and anti-swelling drugs, 84 improved. Review, 1998 What are the clinical differences between natural progesterone and synthetic progestins for treating PMS? Natural progesterone and synthetic progestins are different and should not be used interchangeably for PMS treatment. However, the abstract does not specify what those differences are or how they affect treatment. Case report, 1998 Can birth control pills make premenstrual asthma worse? Yes, in this case. One woman's asthma got much worse after starting birth control pills and improved when she stopped. We cannot know how often this happens from a single case. Survey study, 1998 Should doctors use hormone blood tests to diagnose premenstrual syndrome? No, according to these experts. Hormone tests are irrelevant for PMS. They believe PMS relates to other factors we haven't identified yet, not hormone levels. Survey study, 1998 Is depression around the period, after birth, or at menopause caused by abnormal reproductive hormones? No clear hormone abnormality has been found to explain PMS. No abnormalities in LH, estrogen, or progesterone were documented in PMS, though completely stopping monthly hormone cycling with a drug called leuprolide improved mood. Study, 1997 Does having severe period problems earlier in life affect how much sick leave women take during menopause? Yes. Women who had severe premenstrual problems in their earlier years took more sick leave when they reached menopause than women who did not have severe premenstrual problems. Review, 1996 Do PMS, postpartum depression, and menopause share a common cause related to the brain? The hypothesis suggests that when brain estrogen levels fall below a critical threshold, mood and neurological symptoms develop. This could explain why PMS, postpartum depression, and menopause involve similar symptoms, though the mechanism remains unproven. Survey study, 1996 How do estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast tissue change during the menstrual cycle and with age? Hormone receptor levels stay mostly the same throughout the menstrual cycle, but estrogen receptors decrease during the mid-cycle compared to around menstruation. Cohort study, 1995 Does calcium metabolism work differently in women with PMS? Yes. Women with PMS have higher parathyroid hormone (PTH) at midcycle compared to healthy women, suggesting a calcium regulation problem. The study was very small. Survey study, 1995 Is premenstrual syndrome related to depression? The evidence suggests yes. Women with PMS are more likely to have had depression, and antidepressants help both conditions. Review, 1995 Can GnRHa hormone therapy treat premenstrual syndrome? GnRHa is used to treat PMS, but a 6-month course causes about 8.2% bone loss that may not fully recover, which is a concern for long-term use. Study, 1995 How can progesterone be used to help with premenstrual syndrome? Progesterone and similar hormones called gestagens can be used to treat premenstrual syndrome through different methods of delivery into the body. Cohort study, 1994 Do a woman's PMS symptoms predict what symptoms she will have at menopause? Yes. The type and severity of premenstrual symptoms significantly predict the type and severity of menopausal symptoms a woman experiences 10 years later. Survey study, 1994 Does the number of doctor visits change depending on where women are in their menstrual cycle? Yes, the number of visits appears to change with cycle phase. Women had fewer visits than expected just before their period, but significantly more during menstruation, especially for urgent appointments and among women with higher PMS symptoms. Review, 1994 Can GnRHa hormone therapy treat premenstrual syndrome long-term? GnRHa treats PMS but causes about 8.2% bone loss in 6 months that may not fully reverse, creating a challenge for longer-term use. Survey study, 1993 Does magnesium help with PMS? Magnesium appears to influence PMS symptoms and may interact with estrogen, but this is a review article, not a study of people receiving treatment, so we cannot say whether magnesium actually helps. Review, 1993 What mood disorders affect women and how should they be treated? Yes. Premenstrual depression is strongly linked to major depression and responds well to serotonin-boosting antidepressants. SSRIs are especially useful because they have few side effects and are safe even in overdose. Case-control study, 1992 Is premenstrual tension a risk factor for ovarian cancer? This study found that premenstrual tension is not a risk factor for ovarian cancer, though older age at menopause and hot flashes were associated with increased risk. Lab study, 1992 Does hormone withdrawal change how brain blood vessels respond to serotonin? In lab tests with rabbit blood vessel tissue, hormone withdrawal made the vessels more sensitive to serotonin. Both sudden and long-term hormone removal had this effect. Study, 1992 Do estrogen patches help with menopausal symptoms? In this small study, 75% of women showed improvement in menopausal symptoms after 9 weeks of treatment with estrogen patches. Survey study, 1991 How do stress hormones affect the menstrual cycle and PMS? Stress hormones in the brain can suppress the hormones needed for normal menstruation and ovulation. Changes in certain brain chemicals during the cycle may be linked to PMS symptoms, but evidence comes mainly from animal studies and theory rather than clinical trials. Study, 1991 How does estradiol treatment affect cholesterol and blood sugar? Estradiol implants raised HDL cholesterol and lowered fasting blood sugar. They did not change LDL cholesterol, how your body handles glucose after eating, or insulin levels. Study, 1991 Do PMS symptoms change during perimenopause? During perimenopause (the transition to menopause), the significance of PMS symptoms may change, and women need careful monitoring during this time. Survey study, 1990 Why do some women need very high hormone levels from implants? Women needing very high estrogen levels from hormone implants often have a history of depression or surgical menopause. This suggests they may require higher hormone levels to control their symptoms. Study, 1988 Does estrogen therapy change hormones that affect fluid retention in women with PMS? When women take birth control pills, certain hormones increase, but this change does not happen in women taking hormone replacement or women with PMS. These hormones probably do not directly cause PMS. Study, 1988 Does fluid around the brain change before your period? Yes, fluid around the brain increased in nearly all women before menstruation. However, this happened because the brain itself became slightly smaller, not because the brain was swelling. Review, 1988 Are LHRH agonist drugs helpful for treating severe PMS? LHRH agonists appear beneficial for some women with severe premenstrual tension but worsen symptoms in others. They cause serious side effects like bone loss, making them unsuitable as long-term treatment for younger women. Review, 1987 Should doctors use hormone pellets more for PMS and menopause? Hormone pellets have been available for almost 50 years and offer metabolic advantages over other treatments, but very few doctors use them regularly. The review suggests they should be used more often because the technique is simple and fast. Case report, 1987 Do hot flushes in premenstrual syndrome involve the same physical changes as menopausal hot flushes? Yes. This woman's hot flushes during PMS showed the same physical changes as menopausal hot flushes. Review, 1987 Can progesterone tablets help PMS? Oral micronized progesterone appears suitable for treating PMS, with no reported side effects on heart health factors tested. However, this is a review, not a clinical trial proving it works. Study, 1985 Does adding progestagen to estrogen cause PMS-like symptoms? Yes. Women who took estrogen plus progestagen developed cyclical mood and physical symptoms similar to PMS, while women on estrogen alone did not. Symptoms appeared 1 to 3 days after progestagen was added. Survey study, 1983 What conditions are commonly found together with PMS? Endometriosis was most common (found in 66 women), followed by dysmenorrhea (31). Women also showed hormone changes, with lower progesterone and higher estrogen in the second half of the cycle. Case report, 1981 How do hormonal birth control and progesterone affect mood? Hormonal birth control affects mood differently in different women. In some, it causes depression and loss of sexual desire. In others, it has mood-stabilizing effects and can reduce PMS. How progesterone and hormonal birth control affect mood varies from person to person. Study, 1978 Does adding sex hormones help heart problems related to premenstrual syndrome? Adding sex hormones to treatment improved outcomes in women with heart problems related to premenstrual syndrome. More women had stable improvement and normal heart tracings when hormones were included in their treatment plan. Study, 1976 What types of headaches are related to the menstrual cycle? A clinical description categorizes types of headaches including those linked to menstrual hormones, but provides no data about how common they are or how well treatments work. Survey study, 1975 Is migraine linked to menstrual hormones? Migraine is linked to the menstrual cycle in some women. Women with migraine have higher hormone levels during the cycle, but no specific hormone change triggers attacks. Review, 1975 How does a woman's psychological state affect her gynecological health? The author suggests that a woman's psychological equilibrium and sense of identity influence her gynecological health, though this is based on clinical observation rather than controlled research. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗