--- title: Schizophrenia and psychosis: 144 studies, explained | Niyora description: 144 studies on schizophrenia and psychosis and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it mean url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/comorbidity-psychosis/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Schizophrenia and psychosis # Schizophrenia and psychosis: what the research says 144 studies on schizophrenia and psychosis in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 6 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 43 Case report 43 Review 17 Study 12 Cohort study 8 Systematic review 4 Review, 2024 What is premenstrual exacerbation and how does it affect different psychiatric illnesses? Premenstrual exacerbation is when psychiatric symptoms worsen during the premenstrual phase. Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle create a vulnerable period for many psychiatric conditions, but premenstrual exacerbation remains poorly defined. Cohort study, 2023 Are PMS symptoms linked to genetic factors for psychiatric disorders? Yes. Women with PMS were more likely to have genetic factors for depression, bipolar disorder, ADHD, schizophrenia, and autism spectrum disorder. This was a large, well-designed study, so we can be confident in these findings. Systematic review, 2022 Do mental health disorders get worse during the menstrual cycle? Yes, several mental health disorders like depression, panic attacks, eating disorders and borderline personality disorder clearly worsen around menstruation. The evidence is less clear for anxiety or bipolar disorder. Systematic review, 2016 What are the best treatments for PMDD without other mental health conditions? Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (especially paroxetine and fluoxetine) and low-dose oral contraceptives work best. Other options like light therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy, and supplements show promise but need more research. Review, 2002 What treatments work best for PMS and PMDD? Ovulation suppression and SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressants) are the two most effective treatments. SSRIs work particularly well for PMDD and can be taken only during the luteal phase of the cycle. Review, 1989 Are mental health conditions linked to the reproductive cycle? Psychiatric disorders like PMS and postpartum depression are linked to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. But research on PMS is still early and many questions remain. Study, 2026 Do anxiety and depression get worse before your period if you already have a mental health condition? Yes. If you have depression, bipolar disorder, or other mental health conditions, symptoms often worsen before your period due to hormone changes. This can affect how well treatments work. Survey study, 2026 What is the true rate of PMDD, and does it worsen mental health conditions? The true rate of PMDD when properly diagnosed is 3.2%. Depression, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia can all worsen during certain times of the menstrual cycle, and SSRIs and hormonal therapies are proven treatments. Systematic review, 2025 What are the main trends in research about premenstrual disorders and related conditions? Research on premenstrual disorders has grown steadily from 1999 to 2023. Most research comes from North America. Scientists are increasingly studying connections between PMDD and bipolar disorder. Survey study, 2025 Do women with PMS have higher anxiety, stress, and different personality traits? Yes. Women with PMS had significantly higher anxiety sensitivity and stress levels, higher neuroticism and psychoticism traits, and slightly lower extraversion than women without PMS. Survey study, 2025 Does hormonal contraception affect PMDD? Yes, hormonal contraception can affect PMDD, but the effects vary by person and medication. We can't be certain which contraception works best for each woman because more research is needed. Survey study, 2022 Do women hospitalized with COVID-19 experience menstrual changes and mental health problems? More than a third of hospitalized women reported menstrual changes after COVID-19. Women reporting mental health symptoms were roughly twice as likely to report menstrual changes. Case-control study, 2021 Do women with PMDD have different brain responses to emotions? Yes. Women with PMDD showed different patterns of brain activation when processing anger and sadness, and reported more difficulty recognizing emotions. We can be fairly confident because the study was carefully designed, but findings come from brain imaging which requires interpretation. Survey study, 2021 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder linked to suicide risk in women with mood disorders? Women with premenstrual dysphoric disorder who have depression or bipolar disorder are 3.46 times more likely to have attempted suicide. However, this study only included women who already have mood disorders. Systematic review, 2020 Do psychotic symptoms get worse during the menstrual period? Yes. Women with psychotic disorders are 1.48 times more likely to need psychiatric admission during the perimenstrual phase. Some studies also found symptom worsening during this time. Study, 2018 Do irregular periods and menopause affect thinking and memory in women with schizophrenia? Yes. Women with schizophrenia who had irregular periods performed worse on tests of processing speed, word fluency, and word memory compared to women with regular periods. Women past menopause had worse performance on visual-spatial thinking. Case-control study, 2018 Do women with atopic dermatitis have more premenstrual syndrome than women without it? Yes. Women with atopic dermatitis were 13.26 times more likely to have moderate or severe PMS compared to women without atopic dermatitis. This is a strong association. Survey study, 2016 Do paranoid thinking and self-esteem change across the menstrual cycle? Yes. During the paramenstrual phase (3 days before and after the period), women reported more feelings of persecution, lower positive self-esteem, higher negative self-esteem, and more anxiety and depression compared to mid-cycle. The difference was clear. Guideline, 2014 What antidepressant should doctors use to treat depression and premenstrual dysphoric disorder? According to expert consensus, a single antidepressant, usually an SSRI or SNRI, is recommended as first-line treatment for most types of depression, including premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Cohort study, 2011 Does premenstrual symptom worsening change how bipolar disorder develops over time? Yes. Women with bipolar disorder who reported premenstrual symptom worsening had more mood episodes and relapsed sooner, though other patterns in their illness may partly explain this. Review, 2003 Does bipolar disorder affect women differently than men? Yes. Bipolar disorder often starts later in women, who experience more depressive episodes and rapid mood cycling. The postpartum period is high-risk for onset or recurrence. Review, 2002 What are the reproductive-related mood disorders and how are they connected? Mood and anxiety disorders are more common in women around menstruation, after childbirth, and during perimenopause. They all appear linked to changes in ovarian hormones. Interview study, 2000 Are depression and personality disorders linked to PMDD? Yes. Women with depression are about 9 times more likely to have PMDD, and avoidant personality disorder is also linked to PMDD (mainly in women over 30). However, the study cannot show whether depression causes PMDD, PMDD causes depression, or if both are caused by something else. Survey study, 1998 How does estrogen affect mood and depression? Estrogen affects how serotonin works in the brain. Some women's depression improves with estrogen therapy alone, while others need estrogen combined with antidepressants. Study, 1989 Do other mental health conditions affect premenstrual symptoms? Yes. The study found differences between women with premenstrual symptoms who had other psychiatric disorders and those who didn't. Survey study, 2026 Do suicidal thoughts change across the menstrual cycle? The study found no clear pattern of suicidal thoughts changing with cycle phases. However, feelings like depression, anger, and irritability (which do vary across the cycle) were linked to suicidal thoughts. Survey study, 2026 Should PMDD be recognized in Indian law as affecting criminal responsibility? The analysis concludes that PMDD should be legally recognized in India as affecting judgment and behavior. Modern medicine recognizes PMDD as serious, but Indian criminal law currently does not acknowledge it. Case report, 2026 Can hormonal therapy treat psychotic symptoms tied to the menstrual cycle? This case describes a 26-year-old woman whose psychotic symptoms appeared with her menstrual cycle. Antipsychotic medication initially helped, but low-dose hormonal birth control led to lasting improvement. Case report, 2025 Can birth control medication help menstrual cycle-related psychosis? Yes, in one case. A woman with severe monthly psychotic episodes linked to menstruation had sustained improvement over four months after adding a combined oral contraceptive. Survey study, 2025 Does psychiatry ignore how the menstrual cycle affects mental health? Yes. The menstrual cycle stage affects mental health symptoms across different disorders, and it influences serious outcomes like suicide and hospital admission. This connection is often overlooked by doctors. Review, 2025 How does the menstrual cycle affect psychiatric symptoms like depression and anxiety? Many women experience worsening psychiatric symptoms during the premenstrual and menstrual phases due to hormonal changes in estrogen and progesterone. Treatment should monitor symptoms across the menstrual cycle and may include lifestyle changes, therapy, antidepressants, or hormonal therapies. Survey study, 2024 Does exam stress make PMS worse? Yes, exam stress was strongly linked to worse PMS symptoms in medical students (p = 0.004). Students with moderate to high stress had much worse PMS. Study, 2024 Can PMDD cause psychosis that returns with each menstrual cycle? Yes. A woman experienced psychotic symptoms starting 5 days before her period and ending when her period began, and this pattern repeated every month for 5 years. Treatment with medications reduced the severity but did not completely stop the symptoms. Case report, 2023 What is menstrual psychosis? Menstrual psychosis is a rare condition causing severe psychiatric symptoms that repeat with the menstrual cycle. This case shows that psychiatry and gynecology doctors must work together to diagnose and treat it properly. Cohort study, 2023 Are premenstrual symptoms linked to psychotic-like experiences? Yes. Women with more intense premenstrual symptoms reported more psychotic-like experiences. Depression and anxiety partially explained this link for negative psychotic-like experiences but not positive ones. Randomised trial, 2023 What does research show about PMDD neurochemistry? The provided text does not include results from a PMDD neurochemistry study. It discusses unrelated research on other topics. Survey study, 2023 Does paeonol, a compound from traditional Chinese medicine, help with PMDD symptoms in rats? Yes, in rats. Paeonol reduced irritability, anxiety, and social withdrawal, and it improved brain structure and reduced nerve cell death. However, this has only been tested in rats, not humans. Lab study, 2023 Does estrogen receptor expression change across the menstrual cycle in people with schizophrenia? In laboratory mice with schizophrenia-like conditions, a type of estrogen receptor called GPER was more active during the high-estrogen phase of the cycle. Male mice and people with schizophrenia showed lower GPER levels. Case report, 2022 How is menstrual psychosis with unusual physical symptoms treated? In this case, a 28-year-old woman with premenstrual dysphoric disorder developed severe psychotic symptoms a week before menstruation, which improved rapidly with medication and resolved when her period started. Case report, 2022 Can PMDD cause brief psychotic episodes in young adolescents? This case describes a 15-year-old girl who experienced brief psychotic episodes every time she had premenstrual symptoms, with hallucinations and confused speech appearing 2-3 days before menstruation. Review, 2022 Does mood and anxiety worsen during menstruation? Yes. Psychiatric disorders occur during menstruation in up to 80% of women and can affect menstrual health, fertility, and sexual function. Case report, 2022 Can aripiprazole prevent menstrual psychosis? In this case, a previously healthy adolescent girl experienced psychotic symptoms that appeared before her menstrual period and resolved when her period started. The medication aripiprazole prevented these episodes, but they returned when she stopped taking it. Survey study, 2022 Can women get psychosis linked to their menstrual cycle? Yes, menstrual psychosis exists but is extremely rare, with only 30 cases reported worldwide. Estrogen's effect on the brain may play a role. Case report, 2022 What is cyclic menstrual psychosis in adolescents? This case describes a 14-year-old girl with psychotic symptoms including confusion, delusional ideas and physical restlessness that occurred in a repeating cycle linked to her menstruation. The symptoms went away when her period began. Survey study, 2021 Can a menstrual cycle trigger psychiatric episodes in teenagers? A 15-year-old girl's monthly episodes of confusion and dissociation lasting 5-6 days improved when her period started, but doctors couldn't determine whether hormones, the menstrual cycle, or a psychiatric condition caused it. Survey study, 2021 Do PMS and PMDD affect attention and short-term memory in teenage girls? Yes, somewhat. Teenage girls with PMS/PMDD did worse on a test of attention and interference control than girls without it, and their performance dropped further in the luteal (premenstrual) phase. Case report, 2020 Can psychosis happen connected to your menstrual cycle? Yes. A condition called menstrual psychosis can cause psychotic symptoms during the premenstrual period. These symptoms usually go away within days after your period starts. Cohort study, 2020 Do schizophrenia symptoms change across the menstrual cycle? Yes, schizophrenia symptoms significantly vary across different phases of the menstrual cycle. Positive symptoms improved during the progesterone phase, while negative symptoms and general psychopathology improved during the estrogen phases. Interview study, 2020 How should doctors treat PMDD in women who also have bipolar disorder? Very few studies exist on this combination, making treatment challenging. The evidence suggests treating bipolar disorder first with mood stabilizers, then addressing PMDD symptoms separately, but this is based on treating each condition alone rather than research on both together. Case-control study, 2020 Are certain genetic variations in the GABRB2 gene associated with PMDD? Yes. Specific copy number gains in the GABRB2 gene are significantly more common in women with PMDD, with a roughly 10-fold increased risk in Chinese women and a 2.4-fold increase at another location. Case report, 2020 Do psychotic symptoms connected to your menstrual cycle always come back every month? Yes. Menstrual psychosis causes psychotic symptoms that start suddenly, last a short time, and happen in a rhythm with the menstrual cycle. Between episodes, women recover completely. Case report, 2020 What causes severe psychiatric symptoms that recur with the menstrual cycle, and how should they be treated? Menstrual psychosis is a rare condition where severe psychiatric symptoms occur cyclically with menstruation. Hormonal therapy is more effective than antipsychotic medications alone. Case report, 2020 Can psychosis get worse before your period if you have PCOS? A woman with PCOS and schizoaffective disorder had psychotic episodes that happened right before her period and improved when bleeding started. This suggests a link between PCOS and menstrual-cycle-linked psychosis. Case report, 2020 How do psychotic symptoms connected to the menstrual cycle look in different parts of the world? In a study of 4 women in Oman with menstrual psychosis, all had psychotic and mood symptoms timed to their menstrual cycle. All had normal intelligence but had problems with thinking speed, memory, and planning skills. Case report, 2019 Can chasteberry, a herbal remedy for PMS, cause a psychotic episode? A report describes one woman who developed a psychotic episode after taking chasteberry for premenstrual syndrome. Because this is only one case, it cannot show how often this might happen. Case report, 2018 Can mood and psychotic symptoms happen before the period in women with PCOS? Yes. One young woman with PCOS experienced three episodes of mixed mood and psychotic symptoms before her period. This is very rare. Case report, 2018 Can medication stop psychotic symptoms that come every month with your period? Yes. A young woman with psychotic and mood symptoms during every menstrual cycle improved significantly with treatment using two medications combined with psychiatric and medical care. Case report, 2018 Can psychotic symptoms happen only during and just after menstruation? Yes, in this case a woman had psychotic symptoms including hallucinations and paranoia that started with her period and went away about 10 days later. This pattern repeated every menstrual cycle for 7 years. Very few cases like this have been reported. Case report, 2018 Can severe head injury lead to PMDD? Yes. A 17-year-old girl developed PMDD months after a severe traumatic brain injury. She needed antipsychotic medication to manage her symptoms. Case report, 2018 Do oral contraceptives help psychotic symptoms that start before menstruation? In one adolescent with psychosis starting just before her period, symptoms improved after her period ended and after she started taking oral contraceptives and olanzapine. We can't know from this single case whether the contraceptives, the medication, or the natural end of menstruation helped most. Survey study, 2018 How common is PMDD in women with psychiatric disorders? PMDD was far more common in women with psychiatric conditions than controls, especially among those with depression. The findings suggest PMDD is closely related to mental health conditions, particularly depression and bipolar disorder. Case report, 2018 Does dienogest help premenstrual mood changes in someone with schizophrenia? One woman with schizophrenia improved in her premenstrual mood symptoms and returned to work. This is one person's experience, so we can't be sure others would benefit. Survey study, 2017 How common is PMS in adolescents with psychiatric problems and does it affect their quality of life? PMS was present in nearly 4 out of 5 adolescents in a psychiatric clinic and significantly lowered their quality of life. The more severe their PMS, the worse their quality of life became. Case report, 2017 Can mood symptoms like mania and psychosis change across the menstrual cycle in bipolar disorder? In one detailed case, yes: a woman with bipolar I disorder had psychosis-like symptoms when estrogen was low and hypomania when estrogen was high, and a targeted treatment approach for this pattern worked for her. Survey study, 2016 Do women with schizophrenia have irregular periods, and does this affect their psychiatric symptoms? Among 139 women with schizophrenia, 41% had irregular periods. Irregular cycles were linked to antipsychotic medications and lower estrogen levels, but did not appear to worsen psychiatric or depressive symptoms. Survey study, 2016 How do mental health conditions change during the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and perimenopause? Women have higher rates of depression, anxiety, and eating disorders than men. This review found that these conditions may change during the premenstrual phase and other reproductive stages, though it summarized existing research rather than testing new treatments. Randomised trial, 2015 Does quetiapine help women with PMS/PMDD who don't respond well to antidepressants? This very small pilot study suggests quetiapine as an add-on to antidepressants may help reduce mood-related symptoms like anxiety and irritability, but the evidence is weak because only 20 women were studied. Survey study, 2015 What causes schizophrenia, mania, and depression? This is a theoretical proposal, not based on study of actual patients. The author suggests these conditions may result from imbalances in brain chemicals and amino acids, influenced by activity levels. Case report, 2015 Do hormones from the menstrual cycle affect schizophrenia symptoms? Yes. Women with schizophrenia often have worsening psychotic symptoms and depression or anxiety at certain times in their menstrual cycle. Doctors can manage this by adjusting medications. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does hormone therapy help women with depression linked to periods and menopause? Yes. Thirty-five percent reported being cured and 55 percent had considerable improvement. For 94 percent, hormone therapy was life-changing for the better, and none reported worsening. Survey study, 2014 Is a gene called COMT a risk factor for PMS? No, not directly. A gene called COMT does not appear to be linked to PMS overall, though women with joint pain may have a connection to a specific type of this gene. Case report, 2013 Can psychotic episodes happen in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Psychotic episodes linked to menstruation may remit between cycles and become much less common after menopause. Case report, 2013 Can high testosterone levels be connected to PMDD, bipolar disorder, and certain medications? In one woman with bipolar disorder and PMDD on quetiapine and lithium, initial testosterone was 88.5 ng/dL. When hormone levels were normalized, testosterone returned to normal. This is one case only. Survey study, 2013 Is PMDD common in women with lupus and linked to depression? Yes. 32% of women with lupus had PMDD, and this was significantly associated with major depression (p=0.010). Case report, 2013 Can severe mood changes around a period be an early sign of bipolar disorder? In one teenage girl, a psychotic episode tied to her period turned out to be the first sign of bipolar disorder. This is a single case, so it cannot tell us how common this is. Case report, 2013 Does olanzapine help premenstrual psychosis? One girl with recurrent premenstrual psychosis was successfully treated with olanzapine. This is one case of a very rare condition, so we need much more research. Study, 2012 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect stress hormones and psychiatric symptoms? This small pilot study found patterns suggesting the follicular phases may have higher mood symptoms, but the differences in stress hormone levels across the cycle were not clear enough to confirm. Case report, 2012 Do antipsychotic medications help psychosis that only happens around menstruation? In this case, a 30-year-old woman had psychotic symptoms around her menstrual cycle. Despite trying three different antipsychotic medications at different doses over 10 years, her symptoms kept coming back on a menstrual cycle pattern. The medications did not prevent these episodes. Non-randomised trial, 2012 Do schizophrenia symptoms get worse before menstruation? Many women with schizophrenia do experience worse symptoms before their period, but no treatment studies have been done so doctors must decide case-by-case how to help. Survey study, 2011 Does experiencing discrimination increase the risk of PMDD? Yes, women who experience discrimination were significantly more likely to have PMDD. However, this study shows a link, not proof that discrimination causes PMDD. Review, 2011 What is menstrual psychosis and how is it connected to the menstrual cycle? Menstrual psychosis is a rare illness that looks like manic depressive (bipolar) disorder but comes on in a pattern linked to the menstrual cycle. The review suggests this link involves the hypothalamus, but this is based on case evidence, not a controlled study. Case report, 2010 Can psychotic episodes happen at the same time every menstrual cycle? Yes. One 17-year-old woman had brief psychotic episodes every month that started 5-10 days before her period and ended when menstruation began. Case report, 2009 Can birth control pills prevent psychotic episodes that happen before menstruation? Yes. Birth control pills prevented psychotic episodes in one woman who had them before her period. Randomised trial, 2008 Can adding aripiprazole to an antidepressant help premenstrual violence? A single 38-year-old woman with major depression and severe premenstrual violence improved when aripiprazole was added to her SSRI. However, this is only one case, so we cannot be confident it works for other women. Case report, 2008 Can metformin help psychosis that happens with the menstrual cycle? Maybe. One woman with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and menstrual-linked psychosis had significant improvement when metformin restored her normal menstrual cycle. Survey study, 2006 Does the menstrual cycle affect how severe OCD symptoms are? Yes. For many women with OCD, symptoms get worse before their period, with nearly half reporting this pattern. The menstrual cycle should be considered when assessing OCD severity. Review, 2006 When mood changes seem tied to your cycle, is it actually PMDD? No. Many mood and anxiety symptoms tied to the menstrual cycle are not genuine PMDD. When true PMDD occurs, its impact on quality of life is similar to major depressive disorder. Review, 2005 How does acute tryptophan depletion help us understand mood disorders? Acute tryptophan depletion is a research method that temporarily lowers serotonin levels in the brain to study its role in depression, anxiety, sleep problems, and psychiatric conditions. Survey study, 2005 Does estrogen level affect schizophrenia symptom severity during the menstrual cycle? Yes, significantly. Women with schizophrenia had less severe symptoms when estrogen was higher during their menstrual cycle (p < 0.001). This is based on a small study. Survey study, 2005 Can menstruation trigger severe mental illness like psychosis? Yes. Medical case reports show that menstruation can trigger psychotic episodes in some women, particularly around the time of the period or repeatedly in cycles tied to the menstrual cycle. Survey study, 2005 Are suicidal attempts more likely during certain phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes. Suicidal attempts were most frequent during the menstrual phase. However, this study only looked at women already hospitalized for attempts, so it cannot tell us the true risk in the general population. Review, 2004 Are polyunsaturated fatty acids important for health? Yes. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential nutrients that cannot be made by the body and play important roles in cell function and disease prevention. Survey study, 2004 What other mental health conditions often happen alongside PMDD? PMDD commonly occurs together with mood and anxiety disorders. This review does not report specific rates of how often this happens. Survey study, 2004 How common is PMS and premenstrual worsening of psychiatric symptoms in women with mental health disorders? Very common. Between 52% and 80% of women with anxiety, depression, or panic disorder reported PMS symptoms, and between 36% and 52% experienced worsening of their psychiatric symptoms before their period. Case report, 2003 Can a teenage girl have psychotic episodes linked to her menstrual cycle? Yes. A 16-year-old girl had three psychotic episodes over 5 months, suggesting a pattern linked to menstruation. Case report, 2003 What causes psychosis linked to the menstrual cycle in adolescents? Two cases showed acute psychosis in the days before menstruation that came and went with each cycle. One improved with a hormonal contraceptive, and the other improved on its own. The link may involve anovulation, which means not having regular ovulation. Survey study, 2002 Are women with schizophrenia more likely to need hospital admission during the perimenstrual phase? Yes. Two studies found that women with schizophrenia were significantly more likely to be admitted to hospital during the week around menstruation compared to other times of the month. Survey study, 2002 Are psychiatric hospital admissions linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes. About half of the women were admitted during the late luteal or early menstrual phase. Women with schizophrenia who were not suicidal or aggressive were admitted only in the postovulatory phase. Case report, 2002 Does taking estrogen help reduce symptoms that get worse before your period? In a small study of 4 women with schizophrenia, estrogen improved symptoms in 2 of them (with one showing major improvement), but responses varied widely. Review, 2002 Can PMS or premenstrual psychosis be used as a legal defense? A small subset of women experience psychotic symptoms during the premenstrual phase. This defense has largely failed in US courts but has been used in Great Britain to support claims of diminished capacity. Case report, 2001 Can a rare inherited condition cause psychotic episodes that come back with each period? In this one woman, yes. A rare condition that stops the body breaking down ammonia properly caused repeated psychotic episodes around her periods, and it had been wrongly called PMS for years before a crisis revealed the true cause. Cohort study, 2001 Do psychiatric symptoms get worse before the period in women with schizophrenia? Yes, overall psychiatric symptoms were worse in the premenstrual phase. However, the psychotic symptoms like hallucinations barely changed, while mood and behavioral symptoms worsened significantly. Survey study, 2001 How common is premenstrual dysphoric disorder and how is it related to other psychiatric conditions? About 75-85% of women report some premenstrual symptoms, but only 10-15% seek care and 2-5% experience serious disruption to work or social life. PMS may worsen other psychiatric conditions. Case-control study, 2000 How does estrogen affect thinking and brain performance? When estrogen is high, women with psychosis performed worse on a fine motor test, but normal women did not improve. This suggests estrogen affects the brain differently in women with psychosis. Survey study, 2000 Does premenstrual worsening of panic disorder increase suicide risk in women? Yes. Women with panic disorder who experienced premenstrual worsening had higher suicide risk scores and were more likely to be considered suicidal than women whose panic did not worsen premenstrually. This was independent of depression. Non-randomised trial, 2000 Do psychiatric hospital admissions happen more often at certain menstrual cycle phases? 57% of admissions happened during the pre-menstrual or menstrual phase, but this link was only statistically significant for cycloid psychoses, a rare type of psychosis. For most other psychiatric conditions, the menstrual cycle did not affect admission timing. Cohort study, 1999 Do women with PMS have a higher risk of depression later in life? In a 5 to 12 year follow-up study, women with PMS had a nonsignificantly higher rate of new depression, but this difference disappeared when comparing only women who had no prior depression history, suggesting prior depression rather than PMS drives the risk. Study, 1998 Is there a specific type of psychosis linked to the menstrual cycle in teenagers? Yes. Periodic menstruation-linked psychosis of adolescence appears to have a distinct presentation and requires different treatment than other forms of psychosis. Review, 1998 What does research say about diagnosing and treating PMS and PMDD? This review explains that careful symptom tracking and ruling out other conditions are key to diagnosing PMS, and that some promising drug treatments exist for PMDD, though it is unclear if they work as well for milder premenstrual symptoms. Case report, 1998 Can drops in estrogen before your period cause psychotic episodes? A case report and literature review propose that sudden drops in estrogen before menstruation may trigger psychotic episodes in vulnerable women, but this is a theory that needs more testing. Cohort study, 1997 Do symptoms of schizophrenia change during the menstrual cycle? Menstrual cycle-related changes occur in women with schizophrenia, but these changes are mainly in mood and body symptoms, not in the core psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia. Survey study, 1996 Do psychiatric symptoms get worse during certain phases of the menstrual cycle? Some reports suggest that psychiatric symptoms worsen during premenstrual and menstrual phases, but evidence is limited because most studies have been small and tracked women informally. Review, 1996 How does estrogen affect mood and memory? Yes. Estrogen affects mood and memory by changing levels of brain chemicals that control emotion and behavior. Low estrogen is linked to PMS, depression after childbirth, and postmenopausal depression, though human studies remain limited. Study, 1996 Is PMDD officially recognized as a mood disorder? Yes. PMDD is classified as a mood disorder in the medical system used for diagnosis. More evidence is supporting this classification. Case report, 1993 Do psychotic symptoms happen during the menstrual cycle? Yes, according to medical literature from decades. Transient psychotic symptoms during the week before menstruation and during menstruation have been documented. However, recent systematic research on this is lacking, so we cannot say how common it is. Case report, 1993 Can psychotic symptoms be linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes. This girl developed psychotic symptoms that appeared right before her period and disappeared when her period started, suggesting a link to the menstrual cycle. This is a single case. Case report, 1993 Can extreme sleepiness around periods be linked to prolactin and a medication called metoclopramide? In one woman, severe sleepiness tied to her menstrual periods continued even after her periods stopped with metoclopramide, and this sleepiness was linked to high prolactin levels, but this is a single case and cannot tell us how common or treatable this is in general. Case report, 1993 Can hormone changes cause violent and sexually inappropriate behavior in girls? Possibly. The study found that peaks in one hormone (gonadotropin) happened at the same times as violent and sexually inappropriate behavior in two girls. When they received medicines to lower these hormones, their behavior improved markedly. Review, 1993 What mood disorders affect women and how should they be treated? Yes. Premenstrual depression is strongly linked to major depression and responds well to serotonin-boosting antidepressants. SSRIs are especially useful because they have few side effects and are safe even in overdose. Case report, 1992 Can severe depression linked to the menstrual cycle be treated? Yes. One woman with severe psychotic depression that happened every month before her period improved completely with bupropion medication after many other treatments failed. Randomised trial, 1991 Does fluoxetine help women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder? Yes. Nine out of 10 women taking fluoxetine improved, compared to 2 out of 10 on placebo, and all who took fluoxetine wanted to continue it. Cohort study, 1991 Do women who think they have PMS often have other psychiatric conditions too? In this very small study, most women who came in complaining of PMS had a lifetime history of some psychiatric illness, and only a minority actually met strict criteria for PMS. This suggests careful psychiatric evaluation is needed, but the study is far too small to generalize. Survey study, 1991 Are women more likely to need psychiatric hospital admission during certain phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes. 47% of psychiatric emergency admissions occurred during the para-menstrual phase (the 4-5 days before and during the start of menses), compared with 22% of hospital staff. This suggests menstrual cycle changes can worsen psychiatric symptoms in vulnerable women. Survey study, 1991 Is PMS a psychiatric disorder or a gynecological disorder? PMS is a gynecological disorder tied to ovulation and the corpus luteum, since symptoms stop when ovulation stops. Women with 'pure PMS' have less psychiatric history than other groups. Review, 1991 Can serotonin drugs treat PMS? The abstract mentions that tryptophan, a serotonin precursor, has been used to self-treat PMS, but doesn't provide evidence that serotonin drugs work for PMS specifically. Survey study, 1990 Can psychological tests help identify who has premenstrual complaints? Yes. The study found clear and substantial differences in test scores between women with and without premenstrual complaints. Survey study, 1990 Does PMS come from a broken stress hormone system? Women with PMS had a few small differences in their stress hormone (cortisol) responses compared to women without PMS, but their overall daily cortisol output was normal. This suggests only mild, temporary hormone shifts that the body seems able to correct on its own. Study, 1989 Is neurotensin involved in causing PMS? No. Women with PMS had similar neurotensin levels in their spinal fluid compared to healthy women. This brain chemical does not appear to be abnormal in PMS. Case report, 1988 Can psychosis be linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Premenstrual and menstrual periods are linked with increased psychiatric problems including psychosis. One case describes psychosis that happened during the premenstrual period and disappeared completely once menstrual bleeding stopped. Survey study, 1987 What psychiatric conditions are associated with premenstrual tension syndrome? Depression is the main psychiatric condition. Other conditions like anxiety, psychosis, alcoholism, and bulimia may also occur. Treating the psychiatric illness does not necessarily treat the premenstrual symptoms. Survey study, 1986 Is premenstrual syndrome more common in women with low sexual desire? Yes. Significantly more women with low sexual desire had severe premenstrual syndrome than women without sexual dysfunction. These women also had higher rates of depression. Study, 1985 What psychological patterns do women with PMS show? Women seeking treatment for PMS show various psychological patterns. About 36% have normal psychological profiles, while 25% have depression year-round, and 42% report marriage distress. Lab study, 1983 Does being in heat change how female rats remember what they learned? No. Female rats in heat did not show state-dependent memory, unlike male rats given a drug or stressed rats. Case report, 1983 Can a hormone treatment stop psychosis that comes back with the menstrual cycle? In this one woman, yes - her psychosis stopped coming back each month when she took danazol, a hormone-blocking drug. But this is one person's story, so we can't be sure it would work for others. Survey study, 1983 Does the menstrual cycle cause mental health problems? The menstrual cycle likely does not cause mental health problems on its own. The authors argue that mood and mental health are affected by a combination of hormonal changes, personality, stress, and life circumstances. Study, 1982 Is premenstrual affective syndrome linked to sexual trauma in psychiatric patients? In psychiatric inpatients, women with premenstrual affective syndrome were much more likely to have abnormal sexual histories, including trauma, compared to women without premenstrual affective syndrome. Survey study, 1981 Are premenstrual changes linked to specific types of mental disorders? Yes. Specific types of premenstrual changes were linked to specific types of mental disorders. Premenstrual changes with depression may represent a mild form of mood disorder. Review, 1981 Is prolactin involved in premenstrual syndrome and mood disorders? Prolactin is controlled by brain chemicals important in mood and behavior, suggesting researchers should study how it relates to PMS and psychiatric conditions. This is a theoretical review of research directions, not a test of treatment. Case report, 1981 How do hormonal birth control and progesterone affect mood? Hormonal birth control affects mood differently in different women. In some, it causes depression and loss of sexual desire. In others, it has mood-stabilizing effects and can reduce PMS. How progesterone and hormonal birth control affect mood varies from person to person. Interview study, 1980 What causes premenstrual tension syndrome? The authors propose that high prolactin levels, possibly combined with low estrogen or progesterone, may cause premenstrual symptoms. This is a theory, not a tested finding. Case report, 1978 Can psychosis come back regularly with the menstrual cycle? Yes, in these 7 women, psychosis came back regularly with their menstrual cycle. A change in brain chemicals linked to the menstrual cycle might be involved, possibly triggered by emotional stress or other causes. Survey study, 1972 How does the menstrual cycle affect mood and sexual arousal? The menstrual cycle affects mood in women. The strongest effects occur before the period, when some women become depressed or irritable. Physical symptoms also accompany these mood changes. Study, 1965 How common are premenstrual symptoms and what treats them? About 40% of women experience weight gain, abdominal pain, and irritability before their period. These symptoms often improve with a water pill and eating less salt during the week before menstruation. Study, 1962 Can hoarseness be a symptom of PMS? This clinical report describes hoarseness and loss of vocal control as symptoms of premenstrual tension, though the cause is not yet understood. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗