--- title: Appetite and food cravings: 178 studies, explained | Niyora description: 178 studies on appetite and food cravings and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it means url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-food-cravings/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Appetite and food cravings # Appetite and food cravings: what the research says 178 studies on appetite and food cravings in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 7 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 81 Study 22 Randomised trial 19 Cohort study 17 Case-control study 16 Interview study 8 Systematic review, 2026 Does vitamin D supplementation help PMS symptoms? Vitamin D reduced overall PMS severity and particularly helped with physical symptoms and depression, but the certainty of this evidence is very low. We cannot be confident in these findings yet and more high-quality research is needed. Cohort study, 2021 Are low antioxidant vitamins or high oxidative stress linked to premenstrual syndrome? This study found that oxidative stress markers were linked to more depression and food cravings symptoms and more severe PMS, but antioxidant vitamin levels were mostly not associated with PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2016 Is PMS or PMDD linked to eating disorders like bulimia and binge eating? Yes. Women with PMDD had 7 times higher odds of bulimia nervosa and women with PMS had 2.5 times higher odds of bulimia, but neither was strongly linked to binge-eating disorder. Randomised trial, 2011 Does a birth control pill reduce negative emotions, food cravings, and water retention in women with PMDD? Yes, the pill significantly reduced all three symptom clusters compared to placebo in all three treatment cycles. The greatest improvements happened in the first cycle. Review, 2001 What causes PMS and PMDD, and how are they treated? PMS is caused by abnormal responses to normal hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. Treatment includes lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and medications. SSRIs are the first-line treatment for PMDD, and calcium supplements may help. Review, 1997 Does appetite and food cravings change during the menstrual cycle, especially in women with PMS? Yes. Energy intake is higher in the second half of the cycle (luteal phase) compared to around ovulation. Many women with PMS report carbohydrate cravings before menstruation, possibly linked to changes in serotonin levels. Survey study, 1994 How many different ways do researchers measure PMS in clinical trials? Researchers use many different measurement tools across studies. 65 different questionnaires were found in 350 trials of PMS drugs, making it hard to compare whether treatments actually work. Survey study, 2026 What factors predict emotional eating in women with and without PMS? Emotional overeating is the strongest predictor of emotional appetite. Body weight, PMS appetite changes, and eating behaviors together explain 51.3% of emotional eating, suggesting it involves biological, psychological, and behavioral factors. Cohort study, 2026 Is genetic predisposition to immune cell changes linked to premenstrual disorders and their severity? Possibly. A genetic tendency toward higher white blood cell counts showed a weak association with worse physical PMS symptoms, especially in women whose symptoms started at their first period (p=0.008). However, the connection was not consistent across all markers and needs to be repeated. Study, 2026 What are premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Between 5% and 8% of women have moderate-to-severe symptoms that cause significant problems with work, relationships, and daily life. These are called PMS or PMDD. PMDD is the most severe form. Randomised trial, 2026 Does training based on health promotion model reduce PMS symptoms, emotional eating, and stress? Training reduced fatigue and depressive thoughts related to PMS, but did not significantly improve overall emotional eating or perceived stress. Study, 2026 Does the menstrual cycle change how insulin affects the brain and food cravings? Yes. Insulin affects brain networks that control food decisions differently in the first half of the cycle compared to the second half. The brain responds more strongly to food in the second half of the cycle. Survey study, 2026 How do pain, sleep quality, and appetite change across the menstrual cycle? Appetite increases significantly before and during the period. Pain can disrupt sleep, especially during menstruation. Single women report much worse sleep and pain during their period than married women do. Study, 2025 Can group therapy help adolescent girls with PMS manage emotions and reduce binge eating? Yes. Adolescent girls who received group supportive psychotherapy showed significant improvement in anger control, mood, anxiety, and positive emotions, and a significant reduction in binge eating compared to girls who did not receive treatment. Survey study, 2025 Is emotional eating linked to PMS in university women? Yes. Female students with PMS, especially those with mood and behavior symptoms, were more likely to eat in response to emotions rather than hunger. Students without PMS were less likely to do this. Case-control study, 2025 Are emotional eating and dietary habits linked to PMS? Yes. Women with PMS have higher scores for emotional eating and differences in dietary habits compared to women without PMS. Survey study, 2025 Are food cravings and hedonic hunger linked to PMS? Yes. Students with PMS had higher scores on hedonic hunger (eating for pleasure, not fuel) and food cravings. These were linked to emotional eating and to the severity of PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Can period-related symptoms predict whether female cyclists manipulate their periods? Reduced ability to tolerate workouts predicts menstrual manipulation among Australian cyclists, but specific symptoms do not. This is moderate-strength evidence. Case-control study, 2024 Are hormone and growth factor levels different in women with PMDD during the luteal phase? Yes. Women with PMDD have higher progesterone and cortisol during the late luteal phase, and these are linked to worse symptoms. Growth factors that may protect are lower in women with PMDD. Survey study, 2024 Are menstrual cycle symptoms related to sleep problems and mental health in female athletes? Yes. Women with more menstrual symptoms reported more depression, anxiety, stress problems, and sleep issues. Survey study, 2023 Do inflammation markers in the blood link to food cravings during the menstrual cycle? Yes, higher inflammation markers were linked to increased risk of moderate to severe food cravings during the menstrual cycle. After statistical correction, hsCRP remained significant for chocolate, sweet, and salty cravings. Study, 2023 Does progesterone affect food cravings before your period? Yes. Higher progesterone levels were linked to fewer food cravings before the period. The link was the same for women with PMDD and those without. Study, 2023 How are eating disorders and premenstrual symptoms connected? Eating disorder and premenstrual symptoms are linked in ways beyond their individual effects on eating. Specific symptoms like body dissatisfaction, calorie counting, and negative emotions connect the two. Study, 2022 What mood and thinking changes are linked to premenstrual sleep and eating problems? Low interest and apathy are linked to worse insomnia and eating changes in the week before a period. These sleep problems are also linked to problems at work, in hobbies, and in relationships. Survey study, 2022 What diet, stress, and lifestyle factors are linked to PMS symptoms? High coffee intake, sugar, stress, smoking, and low physical activity were all linked to worse PMS symptoms, with stress showing the strongest association. These are associations only, not proven causes. Randomised trial, 2022 Does PMS50 supplementation reduce psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome? Yes, it helped several psychological symptoms like mood, anxiety, and irritability compared to placebo. The study was small, so we need larger trials to be sure. Case-control study, 2022 Do hunger hormones and eating patterns differ between women with and without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS eat more calories and carbohydrates in the luteal phase (days before their period), while women without PMS do not. Hunger hormones work differently in the two groups. Survey study, 2022 How common are premenstrual symptoms, and do they change with age? Very common. Food cravings affect 85%, mood swings 64%, and fatigue 57%. Several symptoms got worse with age, but mood symptoms stayed the same across all age groups. Study, 2022 Does having COVID-19 affect premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Women who recovered from COVID-19 within the previous 6 months reported more PMS symptoms than women who had never had COVID-19. Study, 2021 How do food choices and supplements affect PMS symptoms? Certain vitamins and minerals appear to reduce PMS symptoms based on reviewed research. Vitamin B6, calcium, magnesium, and omega-3 were identified as potentially helpful. Randomised trial, 2021 Does hypnotherapy reduce pain and emotional distress in women with PMDD? Yes. Hypnotherapy focusing on cognitive flexibility and ego strength reduced pain and emotional distress much more than no treatment. Survey study, 2021 Do women eat differently before their period, especially those with PMS? Women without PMS typically ate more before their period, particularly more sugar and alcohol, but women with PMS showed no clear pattern in overall eating, though they did consume more sugar and alcohol premenstrually. Survey study, 2021 How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect women's menstrual cycles and symptoms? Nearly half of women reported worsening of their PMS symptoms during the pandemic. Many also reported changes in their menstrual bleeding, increased period pain, and missed periods. Survey study, 2021 Does vitamin D affect premenstrual symptoms, and does your genetics matter? The link depends on your genes. Women with one genetic type and low vitamin D had higher odds of fatigue and nausea. Another type had lower odds. A third type had more appetite changes with low vitamin D. Randomised trial, 2020 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect how the brain responds to food pictures? The luteal phase showed slightly stronger brain responses to high-calorie food pictures, and this response was linked to higher progesterone levels and more severe premenstrual symptoms. Case-control study, 2020 Do appetite hormones and eating behaviors change differently across the luteal phase in women with PMDD? Women with PMDD have higher leptin levels throughout the luteal phase and show increased sweet cravings and uncontrolled eating, but changes in leptin are not linked to eating changes while depression and impulsivity are more important. Study, 2020 Does drinking and craving change across the menstrual cycle in women treated for alcohol use disorder? Yes. Women drank most during the mid-late luteal phase and menses. Women with less depression who felt less emotional stress during these times reported stronger alcohol cravings. Survey study, 2019 Does the big hormonal surge at ovulation affect emotional eating later in the cycle? No clear link was found between the sudden hormone changes at ovulation and later emotional eating. Overall hormone levels mattered more than the sudden changes. Survey study, 2018 Does what or how adolescents eat matter for PMS? How adolescents eat matters more than what they eat. Those with PMS are more likely to have disordered eating behaviors like emotional eating, but their actual diet is the same as those without PMS. Cohort study, 2018 Do women with PMDD have different symptom patterns, and do some patterns cause more problems? Yes. Six distinct symptom patterns were identified: depressed mood, body symptoms, irritability, breast sensitivity, pain, and eating behavior changes. Body/somatic symptoms were most strongly linked to problems at work and in relationships. Randomised trial, 2018 Does swimming reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Swimming significantly reduced anxiety, depression, cramps, headaches, and most other PMS symptoms, but it did not help irritability or food cravings. Case-control study, 2018 Do women with PMDD crave different foods than healthy women? Yes. Women with PMDD had stronger cravings for highly sweet foods before their period, while healthy women did not show this pattern. The difference was clear. Randomised trial, 2017 Does the menstrual cycle affect cortisol levels or cigarette craving during smoking abstinence? The menstrual cycle did not affect cortisol levels during early smoking abstinence. However, cigarette craving behaved differently in different phases. It increased early in the follicular phase but decreased during the luteal phase. Randomised trial, 2017 Does vitamin B1 reduce appetite changes and food cravings related to premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Vitamin B1 significantly reduced emotional symptoms of PMS by 35.08%, including a reduction in cravings for sweets of 2.42%. Survey study, 2016 Do hormonal contraceptives reduce PMS symptoms? Hormonal contraceptives are linked to lower risk of some PMS symptoms, including cramps, fatigue, and depression, but not others like mood swings and bloating. Cohort study, 2016 Do women eat differently at different times in their menstrual cycle? Women eat more protein and report stronger food cravings during the second half of the cycle (luteal phase), especially for chocolate, sweets, and salt. Cohort study, 2016 Is inflammation linked to premenstrual symptoms? Yes, high inflammation (measured as hs-CRP above 3 mg/L) was associated with mood problems, cramping, bloating, and breast pain in this study. Cross-sectional design means we cannot prove inflammation causes these symptoms. Cohort study, 2015 Does drinking alcohol affect reproductive hormones or menstrual cycle regularity? Recent alcohol drinks raise reproductive hormone levels, but moderate drinking does not appear to disrupt menstrual cycle regularity in the short term. Cohort study, 2015 Do genetic influences on emotional eating change across the menstrual cycle? Yes. Genetic influences on emotional eating were two times higher after ovulation compared to before ovulation. Before ovulation, environmental factors played a larger role. Study, 2015 Does weight preoccupation change during the menstrual cycle, and what causes these changes? Yes, weight preoccupation is highest in the premenstrual and menstrual phases. However, hormones are not the main cause. Emotional eating is the strongest predictor of when women worry more about weight during the cycle. Cohort study, 2015 Do leptin levels explain why women with PMDD eat more before their period? In normal-weight women with PMDD, lower leptin levels before the period are linked with eating more and wanting sweets. In overweight women with PMDD, leptin doesn't drop, but they still eat more sweets, possibly increasing their risk of leptin resistance. Case-control study, 2015 Does a Western diet increase PMS risk? Possibly, but evidence is mixed. Women eating more Western diet appear more likely to have PMS, but the pattern is not entirely consistent across all groups. Survey study, 2013 Do personality traits affect whether hormone changes cause emotional eating? Hormone changes predict emotional eating, but personality traits like negative urgency and negative emotionality don't explain why some women are more affected. Study, 2013 Do hormone changes during the menstrual cycle cause increases in emotional eating? Yes. Changes in estrogen and progesterone together predict changes in emotional eating, with the highest emotional eating occurring during the midluteal phase when progesterone peaks. Cohort study, 2011 Which six symptoms best identify who has PMS? Six key symptoms identify PMS just as well as tracking 17 symptoms: anxiety or tension, mood swings, aches, appetite changes, cramps, and decreased interest in activities. They correctly classified 84 to 86 percent of cases. Case-control study, 2010 Do women with PMDD crave high-sugar and high-fat foods more than other women? Yes. Women with PMDD had higher cravings for sweet, fatty foods, especially during the luteal phase. This was linked to their greater sensitivity to food rewards and emotional response to food. Randomised trial, 2009 Does calcium help PMS symptoms like tiredness and depression? Yes. Women taking 500 mg calcium carbonate twice daily for 3 months had significant improvements in tiredness, appetite changes, and depression compared to placebo. Non-randomised trial, 2008 Do mood, memory, and food cravings worsen during the luteal phase in women with PMDD? Yes. During the luteal phase, women with PMDD showed significantly worse mood, impaired memory and concentration, and increased cravings for fatty foods compared to their follicular phase and compared to women without PMDD. Survey study, 2008 How do eating, sleep, and sexual activity change across the menstrual cycle? Women ate more and slept worse during their luteal and premenstrual phases. Women who were sexually active had lower stress hormones than those who abstained. Cohort study, 2006 Do women with PMS eat differently during different parts of their menstrual cycle than women without PMS? No major difference in overall eating patterns was found. However, women with PMS ate more sugars and alcohol during the premenstrual phase, and this correlated with symptom severity. Non-randomised trial, 2002 Does birth control containing drospirenone reduce premenstrual symptoms? In this study, birth control containing drospirenone (3 mg) reduced mood-related symptoms and water retention by the sixth cycle. Without a control group, we cannot be certain these improvements were caused by the pill rather than placebo effect. Randomised trial, 2002 Does the birth control pill Yasmin help women with PMDD? Yes, women taking Yasmin had greater reduction in premenstrual symptoms compared to placebo, with statistically significant improvements in appetite, acne, and food craving. Randomised trial, 2001 Does an oral contraceptive with drospirenone and ethinyl estradiol treat PMDD? The birth control pill showed signs of helping, especially with appetite, acne, and food cravings. However, most improvements were not statistically significant, and the study had limitations. Case-control study, 2000 Do eating habits change differently before the period in obese versus non-obese women? Yes. Both groups show increases in binge-eating symptoms before their period, but the cause differs: in non-obese women, eating changes correlate with mood symptoms, while in obese women they correlate with physical symptoms. Randomised trial, 2000 Does a nicotine patch help reduce smoking cravings and premenstrual symptoms? Yes, a nicotine patch reduced smoking cravings and some premenstrual symptoms including pain and water retention, with the strongest effects during the late luteal phase. Randomised trial, 1999 Does the drop in progesterone or stress during the menstrual cycle cause chocolate and sweets cravings? This study found no clear evidence either way. Neither progesterone nor a tranquilizer reduced chocolate or sweets craving in women with severe PMS. Study, 1996 Are smoking withdrawal and premenstrual symptoms connected to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Smoking withdrawal symptoms and premenstrual symptoms are both higher during the late luteal phase (just before the period). Symptoms are lower during the follicular phase (right after the period). Survey study, 1995 Does depression, stress, or unhappy relationships cause food cravings during the menstrual cycle? Depression is very strongly linked to food cravings in all cycle phases. Stress and relationship unhappiness have little or no effect once depression is accounted for. Food cravings without depression still show a cycle pattern, peaking premenstrually. Randomised trial, 1995 Does a special carbohydrate drink help mood and thinking problems in PMS? Yes, the carbohydrate beverage significantly reduced depression, anger, confusion, and food cravings 90 to 180 minutes after drinking it, and improved memory performance. Randomised trial, 1995 Is paroxetine better than other antidepressants for treating severe PMS? Yes. Paroxetine reduced symptoms much more than placebo. It also worked better than maprotiline for most symptoms. Case-control study, 1994 Does the menstrual cycle affect blood sugar control in women with diabetes? As a group, women with diabetes showed no major changes in blood sugar or food intake during the menstrual cycle. However, women with poor mood before their period had more low blood sugar episodes. Study, 1993 Are the symptoms of PMS different from heavy periods and severe period pain? No. Women with PMS, heavy periods, and severe period pain have many overlapping symptoms. Depression is the main symptom that makes women seek help for PMS, and it is linked to cycle timing, personality, and bleeding severity. Study, 1993 Do birth control pills change PMS symptoms? Birth control pills reduced menstrual pain and breast tenderness. However, they didn't clearly help with food cravings or clumsiness, and may have actually made negative mood less likely to improve during menstruation. Randomised trial, 1990 Does education about PMS help reduce premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women who received education had fewer anxiety and appetite symptoms, fewer severe depression and water retention symptoms, and fewer days with any symptoms. Survey study, 1988 Do women crave sweets before their period, and is it linked to mood changes? Yes, food cravings around the period are real and cyclical in most women. However, they are not linked to mood changes or mood severity. Cohort study, 1988 Do women with PMS experience bigger appetite changes during their cycle than other women? Yes. Both groups had increased appetite before their period, but women with PMS had much stronger appetite increases. In PMS women, increased appetite was linked to depressed mood. Cohort study, 1987 Do women crave different foods at different points in their menstrual cycle? Women craved more chocolate during menstrual flow than at other times. Cravings for sugary, starchy, or lower-carb foods did not vary significantly by cycle phase. Case report, 2026 Can anxiety and PMDD trigger binge drinking, and can medication help? This single case shows that a woman whose binge drinking episodes were triggered by anxiety and linked to her PMDD improved with medication: her anxiety and drinking urges decreased, and she had no new drinking episodes at 12 weeks. Cohort study, 2026 Are eating behaviors linked to how severe a woman's PMS symptoms are? Yes, women with severe PMS showed different eating behaviors than those with milder symptoms, particularly in hunger and fullness recognition. However, the study shows only correlation, not whether eating patterns cause PMS. Survey study, 2026 Does PMS affect what women eat and their feelings about food? Yes. Women with PMS ate significantly more packaged processed foods and fast food during their period, and also had stronger emotional responses to food. Regular breakfast was less common in the PMS group. Interview study, 2026 How does PMDD affect eating behaviors? People with PMDD have eating patterns that change across their menstrual cycle, including binge eating, restrictive eating, and purging. Many struggle to get support because healthcare providers don't understand PMDD well enough. Interview study, 2026 How do eating behavior and mood change during the menstrual cycle in women using birth control? Women not using birth control showed more emotional and compulsive eating in the early cycle phase, while women using birth control pills showed less change. This is a small study of 84 university students. Survey study, 2026 What patterns of mood changes and food cravings occur during the menstrual cycle in college students? Nearly 60% reported food cravings during menstruation, with dairy products most common. Mood swings were most prominent in the premenstrual phase and linked to poor sleep quality. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in Yemen and what lifestyle factors affect it? About 41.1% had moderate-to-severe PMS. Being overweight, eating fast food, chewing qat, and living in a rural area were linked to worse symptoms. Survey study, 2026 Is PMS or PMDD linked to eating disorders? Yes. Women with PMDD had higher scores for eating disorders, emotional eating, and uncontrolled eating than women without PMS. The link between PMDD and emotional eating was strongest in overweight women. Survey study, 2026 Does eating foods that cause inflammation link to worse food cravings and mood problems in women with PMS? The study found that eating more fat and saturated fat linked to more food cravings. The abstract cuts off before showing complete results about mood and inflammation. Cohort study, 2026 What premenstrual symptoms do women most often seek treatment for, and does this change with age? Fatigue and mood swings were the most common moderate-to-severe symptoms, and psychological symptoms were reported more often than physical ones. Women in their 40s were less likely to report appetite changes and food cravings than women in their 20s. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMDD in Russian medical students, and what are its symptoms? About 14.3% of medical students had PMDD, or 25.4% including mild forms. Most common symptoms were depression (87.9%), anxiety (48.3%), and sleep problems (31.0%). Case report, 2025 What do young women with PMS food cravings need? This survey of 30 young women with PMS food cravings found an absence of counseling services to support them. The study suggests that developing counseling services and focusing on eating wholesome foods and getting rest should be priorities in treating PMS food cravings. Study, 2025 Does difficulty managing emotions make menstrual mood symptoms worse? Yes. Women who struggled to manage their emotions had higher anxiety and sadness during the days right before and at the start of their period, and experienced stronger urges to smoke when they felt sadder during this time. Survey study, 2025 Are eating behavior, phytoestrogen intake, and chronotype linked to PMS? Two types of eating behavior (restrained and external eating) and low phytoestrogen intake were linked to worse PMS. Emotional eating and chronotype were not linked to PMS in this study. Survey study, 2025 How do body clock, exercise, and appetite relate to PMS? As PMS increased, physical activity decreased, appetite increased, and women preferred emotionally comforting foods and evening hours. Survey study, 2025 Is eating ultra-processed foods linked to premenstrual syndrome symptoms and food cravings? Women with PMS ate significantly more ultra-processed foods and reported more food cravings, which appear linked to PMS symptoms. However, the study cannot prove that processed foods cause PMS. Survey study, 2025 Does following a Mediterranean diet reduce PMS? Following a Mediterranean diet overall does not appear to reduce PMS risk, but women with PMS tended to drink more wine. Survey study, 2025 Is appetite related to PMS symptoms in medical students? Yes, there is a weak positive relationship that was statistically significant (p<0.001). As PMS symptoms become more severe, appetite increases; 81.2% reported increased appetite during PMS. Survey study, 2025 Is PMS linked to changes in eating behavior? Yes. Women with PMS had more uncontrolled eating and emotional eating compared to women without PMS. However, this only shows the behaviors go together, not that PMS causes them. Survey study, 2025 How do estrogen and progesterone affect anxiety and cigarette craving during the menstrual cycle? Anxiety and cigarette craving are highest during the 7 days before your period starts and the first 3 days after, regardless of hormone levels. At other times, higher progesterone and lower estrogen are linked to lower anxiety and craving. Survey study, 2025 Does PMS affect food cravings during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women with PMS reported significantly higher desire for food during the luteal phase (second half of cycle) compared to women without PMS. PMS affects both appetite intensity and what women crave. Survey study, 2024 What premenstrual symptoms do martial arts athletes experience? Martial arts athletes experience both disturbing and non-disturbing PMS symptoms with regular 35-day menstrual cycles, and they have no significant difference in PMS compared to non-athletes. Survey study, 2024 Is eating disturbance linked to worse PMS symptoms? Yes, women with eating disturbances were more likely to have PMS symptoms and more severe physical PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Does processed food or stress affect PMS symptoms? Higher stress was significantly associated with more severe PMS symptoms. Processed food consumption was not significantly associated with PMS. This was an observational study so we cannot prove stress causes worse PMS. Interview study, 2024 How does PMDD affect eating behaviors, and what barriers do people face seeking help? People with PMDD experience disordered eating patterns including binge eating and restrictive eating, but this is very limited evidence from only 13 people in the UK. Study, 2024 Can fluoxetine help someone with both bulimia and PMDD? In this one case, yes. A woman's binge and purge behaviors almost completely stopped after switching to fluoxetine, and her pre-menstrual mood and cognitive symptoms improved, though some mood symptoms continued. Survey study, 2024 What is the relationship between food cravings, vitamin A intake, and menstrual disorders? Women who craved high-fat and sweet foods were significantly more likely to have dysmenorrhea, PMS, and irregular menstrual cycles. Women consuming vitamin A-rich foods had substantially lower rates of dysmenorrhea and irregular cycles. Study, 2024 What factors affect PMS symptoms in college women? Fatigue, severe period pain, and exposure to chemicals that may interfere with hormones all affect PMS. Together, these three factors explained 30.8% of the differences in PMS symptoms between women. Survey study, 2024 Does nutrient intake and appetite change during the menstrual cycle relate to PMS symptoms? Women who eat more carbohydrates, protein, fat, and saturated fat have worse PMS symptoms including anxiety, irritability, depression, pain, fatigue, and sleep problems. Higher appetite also correlates with worse mood and fatigue. Randomised trial, 2024 Does what you eat affect PMS symptoms? Maybe. This review suggests that eating less sugar, fat, salt and alcohol, and more fresh whole foods rich in certain vitamins and minerals, may help, but the researchers say there isn't yet strong enough evidence to give firm advice. Survey study, 2023 How much does PMS affect female students' grades, mood, and social life? Significantly. PMS was linked to mood swings, irritability, delayed homework, and social withdrawal. The study was observational, so it shows associations but not proof of cause. Survey study, 2023 Is higher vitamin C linked to premenstrual symptoms? Higher vitamin C intake was linked to appetite changes. Suboptimal blood vitamin C levels were linked to appetite changes and bloating, but adequate levels were not clearly linked to either symptom. Survey study, 2023 Does low energy availability or eating problems affect how well young female soccer players perform? No. Low energy availability and eating problems were not significantly linked to physical performance. However, most players perceived their menstrual cycle affected their game, and they rarely discussed this with coaches. Survey study, 2023 Can brain stimulation reduce appetite and improve mood in women with PMS? Brain stimulation showed only a possible small effect on wanting low-fat savory foods, with no clear benefits for hunger, mood, or other food preferences. The study was too small to draw firm conclusions. Survey study, 2023 What percentage of women aged 20-35 have PMS symptoms and what types are most common? This survey of 252 women found that about half (45.2%) report moderate PMS symptoms and 40.1% report mild symptoms. The most common physical symptoms are breast tenderness and swelling (52.8%), skin lesions (44%), and cravings for salt or sugar (40.9%). Survey study, 2023 Is emotional eating linked to PMS symptoms in teenagers? Yes. As PMS symptoms increased, emotional eating behaviors also increased significantly. 74% of adolescents in the study had PMS. Survey study, 2022 Do women change what they eat during the luteal phase? Most women eat more during the luteal phase, with 85% eating more sugars and sweets, and 91.78% of women experience food cravings during this time. Review, 2022 Can blocking a natural brain steroid help PMDD? Maybe. An early study showed that blocking a steroid called allopregnanolone improved negative mood in women with PMDD compared with placebo, but more research is needed. Study, 2022 What are the symptoms, causes, and treatments of PMS and PMDD? PMS affects 20-40% of menstruating women and causes fatigue, mood changes, and bloating. PMDD is less common but more severe. Possible causes involve hormone changes and brain chemistry. Treatments include lifestyle changes and medications. Case-control study, 2022 Do women with PMS in addiction treatment experience more alcohol cravings? Women in addiction treatment with PMS had higher alcohol cravings than community women. PMS symptoms predicted cravings in the treatment group but not the general population, and PMS was much more common in women with substance use disorders. Cohort study, 2022 Is premenstrual food craving linked to belly fat? Yes. Women with higher waist circumference reported stronger food cravings before their period compared to women without high waist circumference. Survey study, 2021 Is disordered eating more common in women with PMDD? Yes. Women with PMDD had disordered eating at 45.5%, much higher than those with moderate-to-severe PMS at 16.5% or no/mild PMS at 13.6%. Eating problems increase with symptom severity. Survey study, 2021 Is binge eating linked to worse PMS? Yes. Women with binge eating symptoms had significantly more moderate to severe PMS symptoms, both physical and psychological. Interview study, 2021 How do women manage changes in eating and exercise during the premenstrual phase? Women kept strict control over eating and exercise outside the premenstrual phase, but during it they experienced cravings, hunger, and fatigue that disrupted these patterns. Some found this helpful for self-care; others felt guilt, shame, and pushed themselves harder. Survey study, 2021 Do disordered eating symptoms change across the phases of the menstrual cycle? This study tracked several types of disordered eating every day for a full cycle to see if they differ between cycle phases, after accounting for body weight and mood, but the actual results of that comparison are not given in the information available, so no clear answer can be reported here. Survey study, 2021 Are carotenoids linked to less severe premenstrual symptoms? Only one carotenoid showed a link. Higher beta-cryptoxanthin was linked to more appetite as a symptom, not less. No other carotenoids were linked to any symptoms. Survey study, 2021 How common is PMS in health care workers? Very common at 76% overall. But rates were much higher in younger women: 80% of those ages 20-24, dropping to 58.3% in ages 25-30, and 46.6% in ages 31-40. Survey study, 2020 Does appetite and food cravings change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. 70.4% of women reported increased appetite during their menstrual cycle, peaking at 85.8% before menstruation. Cravings for sweets were linked to depression, anger, and sleepiness. Survey study, 2020 Are premenstrual symptoms linked to eating disorder symptoms? Yes, women who reported more premenstrual symptoms also tended to report more eating disorder symptoms, such as body dissatisfaction, binge eating, purging, and restriction. Case report, 2020 Does premenstrual syndrome make it harder to stop using drugs? In three women being treated for GHB dependence, strong urges to use the drug appeared during the premenstrual period. This suggests premenstrual symptoms may be connected to substance use cravings. Survey study, 2020 How common are premenstrual symptoms in secondary school students? Very common: 82.5% had mood swings or nervousness and 80.1% had fatigue. Educational level and age were associated with symptom severity. Interview study, 2019 Do spiny mice show behavioral changes before menstruation? This is the first study showing that female spiny mice have behavioral changes similar to PMS. However, the findings are only in mice, not humans, so we cannot be sure the same mechanisms apply to people. Survey study, 2019 Is stress linked to PMS? Women with PMS had significantly higher stress levels than healthy women. But stress and eating behaviour together showed only a weak link to PMS, so they may not be the main causes. Survey study, 2019 Does the menstrual cycle affect gut bacteria and immune response related to PMS? Yes. Antibody levels to gut bacteria change throughout the cycle, peaking at day 28, and these changes are linked to physical symptoms like bloating, anxiety, and breast swelling but not depression. Progesterone appears to drive these changes. Case report, 2018 Does removing the ovaries help severe PMDD with binge eating? In one woman with severe PMDD and binge eating that hadn't improved with many treatments, removing both ovaries stopped all PMDD symptoms including the binge eating and food cravings. This is one person, so we can't know if it works for others. Survey study, 2018 Do Asian and Caucasian women experience different PMS symptoms? Yes. Asian women reported significantly higher rates of mood swings, depression, food cravings, digestive problems, and menstrual cramps, and had shorter menstrual periods. Survey study, 2017 Do your menstrual hormones affect how much you drink? Yes. When estradiol was high and progesterone was low, around the time you ovulate, women drank more and binged more, but only on weekends. Survey study, 2017 Are PMS symptoms linked to mood disorders and personality? This study found significant relationships between PMS symptoms and lifelong mania or hypomania symptoms, and between PMS and personality traits. Because it was cross-sectional, we cannot know if hormonal changes in PMS cause mood and personality changes. Survey study, 2017 Is premenstrual syndrome linked to anxiety, digestive problems, and food choices? Women with PMS were more likely to have anxiety and digestive problems like IBS and constipation, and to eat more meat and fast food but less carbohydrates. However, this study only shows associations, so we cannot know whether these factors cause PMS or result from it. Survey study, 2016 Is eating behavior in the luteal phase related to anxiety in women with PMDD? The provided abstract does not include results or findings from this study, so no answer can be determined. Survey study, 2016 How common is PMS in Pakistani university students and what are the main symptoms? PMS is common, affecting 60% of the 520 students studied. The most frequent symptoms were fatigue (86.84%), irritability (71.05%), and breast tenderness (67.65%). Study, 2015 Does how women smokers react to stress change during their menstrual cycle? Yes. Women smokers react to stress differently depending on where they are in their cycle. Survey study, 2015 Does menstrual cycle phase affect how nicotine affects women? Yes, menstrual cycle phase affects how smoking activates stress hormones and subjective feelings. Women in the high progesterone luteal phase showed reduced emotional and hormonal responses to smoking compared to other phases. Case-control study, 2014 Are appetite-regulating hormones ghrelin and leptin different in women with PMS? Leptin levels were higher in women with PMS before their period, but ghrelin showed no difference. The meaning is unclear because these hormones normally work together to control hunger. Survey study, 2013 Does smoking behavior change across the menstrual cycle and is it linked to mood and period symptoms? Yes. Young women smokers smoked more cigarettes and had stronger cravings during the luteal phase (second half of the cycle). Smoking was linked to higher depression and menstrual symptoms, but the study cannot prove smoking causes these or vice versa. Case-control study, 2013 Are insulin and leptin levels different in women with PMDD across the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women with PMDD had different patterns of insulin and leptin changes across the cycle compared to women without PMDD, but it is unclear whether these hormone changes cause mood and appetite symptoms or result from them. Survey study, 2012 Do women with PMS eat more food before their period? Yes. Women with PMS ate significantly more energy and carbohydrates during the luteal phase (before their period) compared to other times. Survey study, 2011 Does being on the birth control pill change how food cravings and hunger shift across the month? Cravings and eating patterns were similar whether or not women were on the pill, both rising before and during the period. Hunger timing differed slightly: non-pill users felt hungrier only before their period, pill users felt hungrier both before and during the hormone-free bleed. Survey study, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle affect how women who smoke crave cigarettes? Yes. Women who smoke showed stronger cravings and physical reactions to smoking cues at certain times in their cycle, particularly in the mid-follicular phase. Randomised trial, 2009 Does a combination of St. John's Wort and Chaste Tree help PMS-like symptoms in perimenopausal women? The herbal combination significantly improved PMS symptoms, especially depression and food cravings, compared to placebo. The study was very small with only 14 women. Study, 2009 Do women with PMS eat differently during their menstrual cycle? During the second half of their cycle, all women ate more calories from sweet foods, but women with PMS did not eat more food overall. Birth control pills changed these eating patterns. Survey study, 2009 Does hormonal change cause chocolate cravings around the period? Chocolate cravings decreased by only 13.4% after menopause, much less than the 38% decrease that would be expected if hormones were the main cause, suggesting stress or other personal factors are the main drivers. Study, 2008 Do women with PMS have different insulin sensitivity and food cravings at different times in their cycle? Insulin sensitivity was the same in both cycle phases. Women reported much higher food cravings in the second half of their cycle, even though they ate similar amounts of food. Cohort study, 2008 Do hormonal changes during the cycle affect binge eating in women without eating disorders? Yes. Binge eating urges were higher in the two weeks before the period and lower when estrogen was higher, even in women without eating disorders. Interview study, 2006 Does quitting smoking feel harder at certain times of your menstrual cycle? A review of 13 studies found that some showed women experience more withdrawal and cravings during the luteal phase (the second half of the cycle), but the evidence is inconsistent. Cohort study, 2006 Does family history of alcoholism affect PMS and drinking patterns? Women with family history of alcoholism increased drinking before their period more than others, yet had fewer PMS symptoms. The study was small but suggests family history may influence how drinking patterns relate to PMS. Survey study, 2004 How common is PMS in teenage girls, and can diet help it? 61.4% of girls had PMS, mostly mild or moderate. The most common symptoms were stress and nervousness (87.6%). Girls who drank more milk reported less bloating and cramps. Case-control study, 2003 Do bulimia symptoms change across menstrual cycle phases? Yes, bulimia symptoms worsen in mid-luteal and premenstrual phases compared to other cycle phases. The study is very small with only 8 women, so results need confirmation. Survey study, 2002 How common is premenstrual dysphoric disorder among women in Morocco? About half of 618 women interviewed in Casablanca met criteria for PMDD, with the most common symptoms being appetite changes, depressed mood, and emotional instability. Survey study, 2000 Does the menstrual cycle affect how much people smoke or how hard it is to quit? Not strongly. Smoking was slightly higher mid-cycle, and withdrawal was worse in women with depression, but the cycle phase did not strongly predict smoking behavior. Randomised trial, 1999 Does alprazolam (an anti-anxiety medicine) affect how much women with PMDD eat? Yes. Alprazolam increased food intake during the premenstrual phase, especially fatty foods. Women who restrict eating were most affected, eating 26% more calories on the highest dose than on placebo. Non-randomised trial, 1997 Does paroxetine help severe PMS? Yes, paroxetine reduced mood and anxiety symptoms significantly. However, about 50 percent of women experienced sexual side effects that persisted, and the lack of a control group limits certainty. Review, 1997 Are the eating changes some women get around their period part of a wider pattern of cyclic mind-body changes? This review suggests yes: period-related eating changes may overlap with other cyclic conditions like PMS, seasonal mood changes, bipolar disorder, and binge eating, but it is an opinion-style review, not a trial, so it cannot prove cause and effect. Case-control study, 1997 Are PMDD and eating disorders related? Possibly. PMDD and eating disorders share high rates of mood and anxiety disorders and a personality trait called harm avoidance, but this small study cannot confirm they share a common cause. Survey study, 1997 What does research show about food intake and mood changes during the menstrual cycle? A review of research found limited scientific evidence for most claims about food affecting mood during the cycle. Health professionals should tell women that the relationship is complex and needs more study. Survey study, 1995 Do diet and exercise affect menstrual symptoms? Yes. During the time before and during your period, higher carbohydrate intake was linked to worse mood and less activity. Lower protein was linked to better mood, and more aerobic exercise was linked to fewer symptoms. Survey study, 1995 Are certain personality traits linked to PMS? Women with PMS have higher scores on harm avoidance and novelty seeking compared to the general population. These traits are modestly linked to specific symptom patterns. Survey study, 1995 Do women crave salty and fatty foods more during certain phases of their menstrual cycle? No. Women's preferences for salty and fatty foods did not change across their menstrual cycle. What mattered instead was whether women restricted their eating and how much they exercised. Review, 1993 Is low brain serotonin linked to mood swings and the weight gain and carb cravings that can come with them? This review argues that brain serotonin plays a role in linking mood changes to carbohydrate cravings and weight gain, and that treatments which raise serotonin activity can improve both mood and eating control, but it is a summary of past research, not a new study. Review, 1993 Can eating carbohydrates improve a bad mood, including PMS mood? This review says yes, eating simple carbohydrates seems to give a temporary mood lift, including for premenstrual symptoms, though cutting carbs out entirely may give more lasting relief for some people, and the exact reason this works is still unknown. Survey study, 1993 Do women with diabetes have different menstrual symptoms than women without diabetes? Yes. Women with diabetes reported changes in blood sugar around their period. They also had later periods starting in life, more irregular cycles, and less severe PMS compared to women without diabetes. Case report, 1992 Is severe overeating linked to the premenstrual period in women with PMS? Yes. This woman experienced uncontrollable binge eating only during her premenstrual period, especially in the 3 to 5 days before her period. Interview study, 1992 Can eating carbohydrates help ease PMS symptoms by increasing serotonin in the brain? There is evidence that carbohydrates may help ease PMS symptoms by boosting serotonin, a brain chemical that controls mood and eating. Women with PMS who crave carbohydrates may be trying to boost serotonin naturally. Interview study, 1991 Can eating carbohydrates help ease PMS symptoms by increasing serotonin in the brain? There is evidence that carbohydrates may help ease PMS symptoms by boosting serotonin, a brain chemical that controls mood and eating. Women with PMS who crave carbohydrates may be trying to boost serotonin naturally. Survey study, 1991 How common are menstrual symptoms in working women? The most common symptoms were weight gain and swelling (over 60% of women), followed by anxiety, tension, irritability, fatigue, cramps, breast pain, mood swings, and food cravings. Symptoms were more common in younger women. Case-control study, 1990 Are brain chemistry changes linked to missing periods in women with eating disorders? The study found that women with bulimia who stop bingeing have changes in a brain chemical called noradrenaline, and those who stopped menstruating showed the lowest levels. However, this is a very small study that does not prove whether the chemistry change causes period loss. Case-control study, 1989 Does eating carbohydrates help depression during the late luteal phase in women with severe PMS? Yes. Women with severe PMS significantly increased their calorie and carbohydrate intake during the late luteal phase, and a carbohydrate-rich meal improved their depression and mood symptoms during this time, but not during other cycle phases or in control women. Survey study, 1987 Do food cravings change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Both food cravings and the amount women ate were higher in the 10 days before menstruation than in the 10 days after. This difference was not explained by mood changes. Survey study, 1987 Does binge eating in bulimia get worse before your period? Yes, this small study found a modest but statistically significant increase in binge eating during the premenstrual phase in women with bulimia. Study, 1983 Does nutrition affect premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Different types of premenstrual symptoms may respond to different nutritional approaches: vitamin B6 (200-800 mg per day) for anxiety and water retention, magnesium for appetite and cravings, and limiting salt (to 3 grams per day), caffeine, and nicotine. Survey study, 1982 What percentage of women have premenstrual tension symptoms? Half the women in the study had at least one type of premenstrual tension symptom. Anxiety and mood changes, and swelling and bloating, were the most common types. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗