--- title: Irritability and anger: 433 studies, explained | Niyora description: 433 studies on irritability and anger and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it means. url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-irritability-anger/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Irritability and anger # Irritability and anger: what the research says 433 studies on irritability and anger in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 27 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 187 Randomised trial 76 Study 40 Cohort study 39 Case-control study 26 Lab study 19 Randomised trial, 2026 Does calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. Women taking 1,000 mg calcium daily plus 50,000 IU vitamin D every two weeks for 12 weeks showed significantly greater improvements in anger, anxiety, food cravings, physical symptoms, and work efficiency compared to placebo. Systematic review, 2026 Do psychological treatments help PMS? Yes. Psychological interventions like therapy significantly reduce PMS symptoms, depression, anxiety, and anger or irritability in women with PMS. Cohort study, 2026 Does sleeping longer improve mood and fitness in elite athletes? Yes. Sleeping longer was linked to better mood and fitness across all athletes, regardless of menstrual cycle status. Sleeping less than 8 hours was linked to below-average mood and fitness. Randomised trial, 2025 Does taking an antidepressant only during the second half of your cycle reduce anger and aggression in PMDD? Yes. Taking escitalopram 20 mg during the second half of the menstrual cycle significantly reduced PMDD symptoms including irritability and anger, and reduced aggressive responses to provocation. Cohort study, 2025 How common is PMS in Chinese teenage girls, and what factors are linked to it? About 1 in 4 Chinese girls (24.6%) has PMS. Higher stress, anger, alcohol use, menstrual cycles of 24 days or less, and period pain are all linked to increased PMS likelihood. Randomised trial, 2023 Does taking sertraline when PMDD symptoms start improve how well women function? Relationship functioning improved more with sertraline at symptom onset, mainly because it reduced anger and irritability. However, work productivity and social activities did not improve clearly. Randomised trial, 2021 Does ulipristal acetate (a progesterone blocker) treat PMDD? Yes. Women taking 5 mg daily improved by 41% versus 22% on placebo. Half achieved remission with the medication compared to 21.1% on placebo. Randomised trial, 2020 What is the best dose of Vitex for treating PMS? A dose of 20 mg daily was most effective for reducing PMS symptoms. Higher dose (30 mg) was no better, and lower dose (8 mg) was less effective. Randomised trial, 2017 Does the combined oral contraceptive pill affect mood? Yes, but effects vary by cycle phase. The pill causes small increases in anxiety and irritability between periods but improves depression in the days before menstruation. Randomised trial, 2015 Does taking sertraline only when PMDD symptoms start, instead of every day, help? Yes, taking sertraline just during the symptomatic days of the cycle improved mood and irritability more than placebo, though the main symptom scale did not quite reach statistical significance. Randomised trial, 2014 Does the combination of sumatriptan and naproxen sodium reduce menstrual symptoms and migraine? Yes. The combination was better than placebo for tiredness, irritability, bloating, abdominal pain, and back pain, as well as migraine. However, women with severe period pain responded less well to migraine treatment. Randomised trial, 2012 Does Vitex agnus castus work for PMS, and what dose is best? Yes, Vitex at 20 mg daily significantly reduced PMS symptoms compared to placebo. A 30 mg dose did not work better, making 20 mg the optimal dose. Survey study, 2011 What premenstrual symptoms do women experience around the world and how much do they affect daily life? The most common symptoms are abdominal bloating, cramps, irritability, breast tenderness, and muscle or back pain. Physical and mental symptoms have similar effects on daily activities. Randomised trial, 2008 Does the antidepressant escitalopram taken only during the luteal phase reduce PMDD symptoms? Yes. Escitalopram taken at 20 mg daily during the luteal phase only reduced core PMDD symptoms by 90%, much more than placebo. 80% of women had an 80% or greater reduction in irritability compared to 30% on placebo. Randomised trial, 2007 Does paroxetine work better if taken daily or just during your luteal phase for PMDD? Daily paroxetine had an 85% response rate and was most effective overall, while luteal-phase-only paroxetine worked equally well for irritability and mood swings but was weaker for depression and physical symptoms. This well-designed study provides reliable results. Randomised trial, 2005 Does stopping ovulation help irritable bowel syndrome that gets worse during the menstrual cycle? Yes, stopping ovulation with leuprolide acetate significantly improved bowel symptoms related to the menstrual cycle. Adding tibolone (a hormone) did not improve bowel symptoms further but did improve quality of life more than leuprolide alone. Review, 2003 How do menstrual cycle hormones affect the brain and cause mood disorders like PMDD? A hormone called allopregnanolone acts on brain receptors. Changes in this hormone during the cycle may cause mood and behavioral symptoms in up to 20% of people through three mechanisms: direct effects, building tolerance, and withdrawal effects. Randomised trial, 2003 Are SSRI antidepressants effective for PMDD? Yes, SSRIs are effective first-line treatments for PMDD. Both continuous dosing and intermittent dosing during the luteal phase lead to rapid improvement in symptoms and functioning. Review, 2001 What causes PMS and PMDD, and how are they treated? PMS is caused by abnormal responses to normal hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. Treatment includes lifestyle changes like diet and exercise, and medications. SSRIs are the first-line treatment for PMDD, and calcium supplements may help. Randomised trial, 2001 Does agnus castus (Vitex) fruit extract reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Women taking agnus castus had significantly greater symptom improvement than placebo, with 52% having at least 50% symptom reduction compared to 24% on placebo. Randomised trial, 2000 How should PMDD be diagnosed and treated? PMDD is a distinct condition from regular PMS, characterized by mood symptoms like irritability and anger. SSRIs taken daily or only during the menstrual cycle are first-line treatment and work very well with minimal side effects. Randomised trial, 1999 Do SSRIs reduce premenstrual dysphoria symptoms? Yes. SSRIs work significantly better than placebo and faster than when used for depression or anxiety. Intermittent dosing (taking medication only before the period) may work even better than daily dosing. Randomised trial, 1998 Is intermittent citalopram during the luteal phase more effective than continuous dosing? Yes, taking citalopram only during the luteal phase was more effective than placebo and appeared more effective than continuous or semi-continuous dosing, with mild side effects. Randomised trial, 1997 Does sertraline reduce PMDD symptoms and improve women's ability to function? Yes, sertraline significantly reduced symptoms and improved functioning. 62% of the sertraline group had much or very much improvement compared to 34% of the placebo group. Randomised trial, 1995 Does fluoxetine help premenstrual dysphoria? Yes. Fluoxetine at 20 mg or 60 mg per day significantly reduced tension, irritability, and dysphoria compared to placebo. The 20 mg dose had fewer side effects than the 60 mg dose. Randomised trial, 1995 Does progesterone help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Progesterone pessaries reduced PMS symptoms more than placebo across four cycles. However, it caused more side effects like headaches, vaginal irritation and irregular periods than placebo. Survey study, 1994 How many different ways do researchers measure PMS in clinical trials? Researchers use many different measurement tools across studies. 65 different questionnaires were found in 350 trials of PMS drugs, making it hard to compare whether treatments actually work. Survey study, 2026 Is PMS worse in medical students with higher stress? Yes. Medical students with high stress are much more likely to have moderate to severe PMS. About 26.5% of students had moderate to severe PMS overall. Interview study, 2026 What is healthcare like for women with PMDD in Australia? Most women see many doctors before getting diagnosed, more than half experience medical gaslighting and misdiagnosis, and only 19% receive the proper diagnostic tests. Getting a correct diagnosis helps women feel less confused about themselves. Study, 2026 What are premenstrual syndrome and premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Between 5% and 8% of women have moderate-to-severe symptoms that cause significant problems with work, relationships, and daily life. These are called PMS or PMDD. PMDD is the most severe form. Cohort study, 2026 Does a birth control pill with estetrol and drospirenone help PMS? Yes. Over 3 months, this combination birth control significantly improved PMS symptoms and hormone levels. Non-hormonal therapy also helped but had smaller effects. Study, 2025 Do ADHD symptoms get worse in the week before your period? Yes. Women with ADHD had more symptoms, worse sleep, and higher stress in the late luteal phase (the week or so before their period), and they took more medication during this time. Cohort study, 2025 Do estrogen and progesterone each trigger PMDD symptoms differently? Yes, likely. Both hormones triggered mood symptoms in women with PMDD when reintroduced after suppression, but progesterone appeared more closely linked to irritability and mood swings than estrogen. Survey study, 2025 Can a chatbot help monitor PMS symptoms over time? Yes. A Telegram chatbot successfully tracked PMS symptoms across multiple menstrual cycles. Some women with PMS also met the criteria for fibromyalgia. Study, 2025 Does anger get worse before your period? Yes. Anger and irritability are clearly more severe before your period across reproductive ages. Survey study, 2025 How do premenstrual symptoms change with age? Physical symptoms vary with age. Acne and oily skin are most common at ages 20-29, and headache at 30-49. Emotional symptoms like irritability and anger are most severe at all ages. Randomised trial, 2025 Does escitalopram reduce aggressive behavior in women with premenstrual anger and irritability? Escitalopram reduced self-reported irritability and anger, and decreased aggressive behavior on one lab test but only in some women whose anger followed a specific pattern. We can be moderately confident in this finding. Survey study, 2025 What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome? High anger, low social support, childhood trauma, high stress, negative attitudes toward menstruation, and poor satisfaction with gender roles all predict PMS. However, results are limited to university students in one country. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMDD in Brazilian women and what are the most frequent symptoms? PMDD affects 3.57% of Brazilian women. Emotional symptoms like anxiety and irritability are much more common than physical symptoms like weight gain. Study, 2025 Do women with PMDD who experienced childhood trauma have more trouble recognizing emotions? Yes. Women with PMDD who experienced childhood trauma, especially physical or sexual abuse, had significant difficulty recognizing emotions compared to women with PMDD who were not traumatized. Randomised trial, 2025 Does curcumin reduce PMS and period pain symptoms? Yes, somewhat. Women taking curcumin showed modest but statistically significant improvements in PMS and period pain symptoms by the second menstrual cycle compared to placebo. Randomised trial, 2025 Does escitalopram improve attention and reduce impulsivity in women with premenstrual irritability and anger? Escitalopram improved attention consistency in a lab test and women reported fewer impulsive urges when taking the drug. We can be moderately confident in this finding. Survey study, 2024 Is physical activity linked to PMS symptoms? About 68.5% of young women had PMS. There was a weak but statistically significant association between physical activity and PMS severity, though it was too weak to draw strong conclusions. Survey study, 2024 Can period-related symptoms predict whether female cyclists manipulate their periods? Reduced ability to tolerate workouts predicts menstrual manipulation among Australian cyclists, but specific symptoms do not. This is moderate-strength evidence. Cohort study, 2024 Does experiencing stressful life events change how your mood varies during your menstrual cycle? Yes. Women who experienced more stressful or traumatic life events show bigger mood and mental health changes during the premenstrual phase, particularly increases in suicidal thoughts. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does a relaxation technique called SEFT help reduce premenstrual symptoms in teenagers? Yes. Girls who did SEFT had moderate symptoms before (average 17.43) and mild symptoms after (average 11.60). The control group did not improve significantly (p = 0.000). Survey study, 2024 Does PMS reduce how well nurses perform their clinical work? Yes. Nurses with more severe PMS had significantly lower clinical performance scores. PMS predicted 26.5% of differences in how well nurses performed. Cohort study, 2023 How common are premenstrual symptoms among teenage girls? Over half of teenage girls have premenstrual symptoms like back pain, acne, and mood changes, but 60% do not know that premenstrual syndrome exists. Cohort study, 2023 Does the menstrual cycle affect how often women have suicidal thoughts? Yes. Women with recent suicidal thoughts reported significantly more severe ideation during the perimenstrual phase (around their period) compared to other cycle phases. The cycle explained 25% of the change in suicidal thoughts. Randomised trial, 2023 Does alternate-day modified fasting improve PMS symptoms and quality of life in overweight or obese women? Yes, alternate-day modified fasting improved mood lability, expressed anger, and mental health more than daily calorie restriction. These improvements were statistically significant but dropout was high. Randomised trial, 2023 Does gamma-tocopherol (a form of vitamin E) reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Gamma-tocopherol significantly reduced fatigue and anger, and also reduced leg swelling. Because this was a well-designed controlled trial where each woman tried both treatments, we can be fairly confident about these effects. Randomised trial, 2023 Does doing yoga at home help reduce premenstrual symptoms? Yes. In 128 women who did 30 minutes of yoga at least 3 times a week for 3 months, premenstrual depression, physical symptoms, and anger improved significantly compared to women who did not do yoga. Randomised trial, 2023 Does taking a specific bacteria supplement help with premenstrual emotional symptoms? Taking Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2809 for three menstrual cycles reduced premenstrual irritability and improved energy and activity levels compared to placebo. Cohort study, 2023 Does sexual desire change across the menstrual cycle? Sexual desire does change with the menstrual cycle on average, but the pattern varies greatly between women. Some show increased desire mid-cycle while others show no change. Case-control study, 2023 Do women with premenstrual syndrome respond differently to emotional stress? Yes. Women with PMS showed different brain wave patterns and lower stress hormone levels. These differences were moderately linked to how severe their PMS was. Survey study, 2023 Which PMDD symptoms cause the most impairment and do they all belong in one condition? Irritability is by far the most impairing PMDD symptom, affecting 77% of women with premenstrual symptoms. However, many of the symptoms listed in PMDD criteria appear unrelated to mood symptoms and don't seem clinically important on their own. Survey study, 2022 Is premenstrual syndrome related to aggression in adolescent girls? Yes. Aggression tendencies increased as PMS severity increased, and girls who noticed increased anger before their period had higher PMS intensity overall. Randomised trial, 2022 Does PMS50 supplementation reduce psychological symptoms of premenstrual syndrome? Yes, it helped several psychological symptoms like mood, anxiety, and irritability compared to placebo. The study was small, so we need larger trials to be sure. Survey study, 2022 What factors are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Most teenage girls have some PMS. Backache and breast tenderness are common physical symptoms. Irritability, anxiety, and mood swings are common emotional symptoms. Eating sweets, education level, and family circumstances are linked to PMS, but body weight is not. Cohort study, 2022 What are PMS and PMDD and how should they be diagnosed and treated? PMS involves 1-4 symptoms or 5 or more physical or behavioral symptoms. PMDD requires 5 or more symptoms with at least one mood symptom like irritability or mood swings. Treatments include exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like SSRIs and hormonal contraceptives. Randomised trial, 2021 Does sepranolone reduce PMDD symptoms? Sepranolone showed benefit for PMDD distress compared to placebo, but the main overall symptom score was not significantly different from placebo in the primary analysis. A follow-up analysis using a longer symptom window showed sepranolone 10 mg was significantly better. Randomised trial, 2021 Does blocking progesterone receptors help women with PMDD control anger and aggression? Yes, according to this study. Women taking the medication had a 93% response rate compared with 53.3% on placebo, and their brains showed stronger activity in emotion control regions. Case-control study, 2021 Do women with PMDD have different brain responses to emotions? Yes. Women with PMDD showed different patterns of brain activation when processing anger and sadness, and reported more difficulty recognizing emotions. We can be fairly confident because the study was carefully designed, but findings come from brain imaging which requires interpretation. Randomised trial, 2021 Does hypnotherapy reduce pain and emotional distress in women with PMDD? Yes. Hypnotherapy focusing on cognitive flexibility and ego strength reduced pain and emotional distress much more than no treatment. Survey study, 2021 What factors affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Multiple factors affect PMS. These include how active you are physically, what you eat (especially coffee), stress, and feelings of insecurity. Randomised trial, 2021 Does ulipristal acetate help premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Yes. After 3 months, women taking ulipristal acetate had 41% improvement in symptoms versus 22% with placebo, and 50% achieved full remission versus 21% with placebo. Survey study, 2021 Does the menstrual cycle affect how emotions and heart rate connect? In the luteal phase, women's sadness, stress, and anxiety were linked to increased heart rate and reduced heart rhythm variation, but this was not seen in the follicular phase. Women also showed larger heart rate increases with anger than men. Non-randomised trial, 2021 Does a combination of exercise, ginger milk, and massage help premenstrual syndrome? Yes, the combination of exercise, ginger milk, and effleurage massage reduced premenstrual syndrome in the group that received it. The study did not provide specific details about how much symptoms improved. Lab study, 2021 Does progressive muscle relaxation or Mozart music therapy reduce stress from PMS? Both progressive muscle relaxation and Mozart music reduced stress in people with PMS, but progressive muscle relaxation reduced it more. Cohort study, 2020 Are women with PMDD more likely to have generalized anxiety disorder? Yes, women with generalized anxiety disorder were 7.65 times more likely to have PMDD than those without it. The connection between the two conditions was explained by depression and partly by behavior inhibition and irritability. Study, 2020 Does the menstrual cycle affect anger and aggression in women with borderline personality disorder? Yes, the menstrual cycle affects how anger is expressed as aggression. Reactive aggression (responding aggressively to others) peaked during the midluteal phase, while planned aggression was highest during earlier phases when mood was more stable. Randomised trial, 2020 Can a mental health training program help teenage girls with PMS? Yes. Teenage girls who went through a training program had less physical complaints, anxiety, sleep problems, social difficulties, and depression than girls who did not. Randomised trial, 2020 Does an oxaloacetate and vitamin C combination reduce emotional symptoms of PMS? Yes. The supplement significantly improved depression, anxiety, stress, and aggression, with depression improving by 54.1% and suicidal ideation reduced by 47.9%. Cohort study, 2020 How common are PMS and painful periods in female medical students, and do they affect school attendance? Very common. 68% of the 100 students had PMS and 45% had painful periods. Both conditions were linked to missing classes and to being overweight or physically inactive. Survey study, 2020 Do sleep problems make PMS worse in shift-working nurses? Yes, poor sleep quality and irregular sleep times are linked to worse PMS. Sleep quality also explains how work stress affects PMS. Randomised trial, 2020 Does progesterone therapy help premenstrual syndrome in women with PCOS? Yes, progesterone significantly reduced multiple emotional PMS symptoms in women with PCOS, including depression, anxiety, and mood swings. Cohort study, 2019 How do exercise, diet and weight affect menstrual problems? Lack of exercise and poor diet are linked to more menstrual symptoms, and higher weight is linked to both PMS and period pain. The evidence is moderate but cannot prove these cause the symptoms. Review, 2019 Do menstrual cycle hormones affect symptoms in women with borderline personality disorder? This review found that menstrual cycle hormones do appear to affect symptoms in borderline personality disorder, with most symptoms worsening around menstruation and improving around ovulation. However, more research is needed to understand how and develop treatments. Interview study, 2019 Which PMDD symptoms are most common in college students? Physical symptoms like pain are most common (91.4%), followed by anger and irritability (84.5%). PMDD causes the biggest problems with family relationships and home responsibilities. About 1 in 10 college students meet PMDD criteria. Randomised trial, 2018 Does progressive muscular relaxation help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Progressive muscular relaxation helped reduce leg cramps and irritability. However, the control group also improved without treatment, so it is unclear how much the relaxation itself helped. Randomised trial, 2018 Does swimming reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Swimming significantly reduced anxiety, depression, cramps, headaches, and most other PMS symptoms, but it did not help irritability or food cravings. Survey study, 2018 Does vitamin D or calcium level affect PMS symptoms and menstrual bleeding? Calcium level is linked to heavier menstrual bleeding and irritability, but vitamin D level does not appear linked to PMS symptoms overall. Case-control study, 2018 Do women with PMDD crave different foods than healthy women? Yes. Women with PMDD had stronger cravings for highly sweet foods before their period, while healthy women did not show this pattern. The difference was clear. Cohort study, 2018 Does progesterone affect women's anxiety across the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women with higher average progesterone reported higher anxiety, and anxiety increased as progesterone rose during the cycle. Both studies showed this link. Randomised trial, 2017 Does lemon balm capsule or educational support work better for reducing PMS symptoms? Yes, both lemon balm capsules and educational support programs significantly reduced physical, mental, and social PMS symptoms compared to placebo and no treatment. We can be fairly confident because this was a well-designed randomized controlled trial with 200 women tracked over 3 months. Survey study, 2017 Does painful menstruation affect adolescent girls' mood, emotions, sleep, and thinking? Yes. Girls with painful periods had higher depression, aggression, and sleep problems compared to girls without painful periods. However, thinking ability was not affected. Girls with only PMS (without pain) were similar to girls without either condition. Cohort study, 2017 How common is PMS in high school students, and what symptoms and problems does it cause? About 3 in 10 of the Thai high school students in this study had PMS, and the most common symptoms were angry outbursts and breast tenderness. PMS was linked to problems with concentration and schoolwork, but not with how they got along with others. Survey study, 2017 Do women using hormonal birth control have fewer menstrual symptoms? Most women have menstrual symptoms regardless of birth control use. Women not using hormonal contraception report slightly more symptoms on average (5.9 versus 5.3 symptoms). Randomised trial, 2017 Does the birth control pill change how bad premenstrual symptoms feel? Yes, women using cyclic hormonal contraception had slightly smaller swings in mood and physical symptoms around their period compared with women not using it, though the pill did not get rid of the symptom pattern entirely. Randomised trial, 2017 Does Sepranolone reduce symptoms of severe premenstrual syndrome (PMDD)? Yes, Sepranolone reduced PMDD symptoms significantly more than placebo, with severe symptom scores dropping by 75% compared to 47% for placebo in women who completed treatment correctly. However, implementation challenges limit confidence in the results. Survey study, 2016 Does the menstrual cycle affect daily mood, and does anxiety or rumination change this effect? Calmness was higher during menstrual and luteal phases. Women with high anxiety and rumination experienced worse irritability before their period, while those with low anxiety were protected from mood worsening. Randomised trial, 2016 Does cognitive-behavioral therapy improve quality of life in women with premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Group cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly improved quality of life in women with PMS, and the benefits lasted for 2 months after treatment ended. Survey study, 2016 How common is PMS in nursing and midwifery students, and does smoking affect it? About one in three students (33%) have PMS. Current smokers have much higher rates (52.9%) than never-smokers (28.7%), suggesting smoking is linked to worse PMS. Cohort study, 2015 Does drinking alcohol affect reproductive hormones or menstrual cycle regularity? Recent alcohol drinks raise reproductive hormone levels, but moderate drinking does not appear to disrupt menstrual cycle regularity in the short term. Study, 2015 Where does swelling occur in women with premenstrual syndrome? Most women with PMS experience swelling in the face, breasts, abdomen, and limbs during the premenstrual period. Irritability, swelling, and anxiety were the most common symptoms. Cohort study, 2015 What are the worst PMS symptoms and how much do they disrupt daily life? Tension and irritability were the most severe PMS symptoms. However, the most bothersome symptoms were headache, irritability, self-deprecating thoughts, and depressed mood, and these had the biggest impact on work and social life. Case-control study, 2015 Does lamotrigine reduce menstrual cycle-related mood changes in women with bipolar disorder? Women with treated bipolar disorder showed greater mood and sleep changes across the menstrual cycle compared to healthy women. Women taking lamotrigine had less mood fluctuation and were more similar to healthy women than those not taking lamotrigine. Non-randomised trial, 2015 Does aerobic exercise reduce PMS? Yes, aerobic exercise was associated with a significant reduction in PMS symptoms. Scores dropped noticeably after the girls started exercising. Survey study, 2015 Is neck and shoulder pain common after birth, and what increases the risk? Yes, 73.1% of women had neck and shoulder pain one month after birth. Women who had previous PMS, anemia during pregnancy, more breastfeeding, and worse mood had higher rates, though this is observational so causation is not proven. Case-control study, 2014 Are reward and punishment sensitivity different in women with PMDD and related to hormone levels? Yes. Women with PMDD show heightened reward sensitivity and increased sensitivity to negative stimuli during the premenstrual phase, which are related to progesterone levels. Case-control study, 2013 Is anger worse in women with PMDD? Yes, significantly. Women with PMDD reported higher anger levels than healthy women, and anger worsened as PMDD symptoms became more severe. Cohort study, 2013 Do depression, irritability, and anxiety get worse before the period in women with PMDD? Yes. Women with PMDD showed worsening depression, irritability, and anxiety in the days before their period, while women without PMDD did not. Randomised trial, 2013 Does yoga reduce PMS symptoms and physical stress markers? Yes. Women who did yoga for 3 months had significantly lower heart rate, blood pressure, anger, depression, and anxiety, and higher sense of wellbeing compared to controls. Survey study, 2013 Are menstrual symptoms common in middle-aged women and do they relate to hot flushes? Cramping is common (54%) but mood symptoms are less frequent (8-9%). Cramping and back pain were associated with hot flushes, suggesting hormonal changes may affect both. Cohort study, 2013 If a woman has bad symptoms before her period, does she also have more symptoms in early pregnancy? Yes, women with worse premenstrual symptoms, especially irritability, also had more symptoms in early pregnancy (weeks 10-12), suggesting that some women may be sensitive to hormonal changes across reproductive phases. Randomised trial, 2013 Does psychological education reduce PMS symptoms in teenagers? Yes. Psychological education significantly reduced overall PMS severity and reduced anxiety and physical symptoms. Effects on depression were minimal, and the intervention did not improve difficulty in relationships. Randomised trial, 2013 Does progesterone reduce PMS symptoms in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Yes. Women with PCOS and PMS who took progesterone had significant reductions in depression, anxiety, mood swings, bloating, and several other PMS symptoms compared to placebo. Study, 2012 Is low progesterone linked to aggressive behavior and fatigue before menstruation? Yes. Women with lower aggressive behavior and fatigue had higher progesterone levels during the second half of the cycle. The study suggests that low progesterone may contribute to aggressive behavior and fatigue. Survey study, 2012 How common are PMS and severe PMS in Chinese women, and what are the typical symptoms? In Chinese women, PMS affects 21.1% and severe PMS affects 2.1%. The most common symptoms are irritability, breast tenderness, depression, abdominal bloating, and angry outbursts. Cohort study, 2012 How quickly does fluoxetine start working for PMDD symptoms? Very quickly. Fluoxetine improved irritability, sadness, anxiety, and mood swings within hours, with clear daily improvement by the second day. Study, 2012 Can daily symptom reports help measure PMS accurately? Yes. A 20-item daily symptom questionnaire called the DSR-20 is reliable and can identify two types of PMS symptoms: psychological and physical. It clearly distinguishes women with PMS from those without. Survey study, 2012 Is severe PMS linked to psychiatric symptoms like depression and anxiety? Yes. Women with PMS have significantly higher depression, anxiety, aggression and interpersonal sensitivity than healthy women. These symptoms increase as PMS becomes more severe. Randomised trial, 2012 Does Vitex agnus castus help women with PMS? Yes, Vitex significantly improved PMS symptoms compared to placebo in both mild and moderate cases. Case-control study, 2012 Do women with PMDD have working memory problems linked to concentration and irritability? Yes. Women with PMDD perform worse on working memory tasks during the luteal phase, and this decline is linked to difficulty concentrating, irritability, and reduced daily functioning. Survey study, 2011 How common are period pain and PMS in Korean teenage girls? Very common. 82% of girls experienced painful periods and 58.8% experienced PMS symptoms. Most girls didn't seek medical help. Survey study, 2011 How do premenstrual symptoms change as women age, and what factors influence them? Premenstrual symptoms follow different patterns as women age: some stay the same, some decrease, some peak around age 35, and others peak around age 40-44. Smoking is linked to more symptoms, and having more pregnancies is linked to fewer symptoms. Study, 2011 Do women with PMDD have more hostility and aggression than women without it? Women with PMDD had significantly higher levels of hostility, impulsive behavior, and behavior inhibition than women without PMDD during both phases. Higher hostility and impulsive behavior were linked to more severe irritability and daily difficulty. Cohort study, 2011 Is mood instability higher in women with PMS than in women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS showed significantly more irritable and depressed mood instability than women without PMS, even at other times of the cycle besides the luteal phase. Survey study, 2011 How common is premenstrual syndrome in Turkish college students and how does it affect quality of life? Premenstrual syndrome was found in 72.1% of college students and was strongly associated with significantly reduced quality of life. Study, 2010 Why do women with IBS and fibromyalgia or PMDD have similar inflammation patterns? Women with IBS who also have fibromyalgia, PMDD, or chronic fatigue have higher levels of inflammatory proteins in their blood than women with IBS alone. Randomised trial, 2010 Does St John's wort help women with mild PMS? St John's wort at 900 mg daily was more effective than placebo for physical and behavioral PMS symptoms, but the study was small. Case-control study, 2009 How common is irritable bowel syndrome in Korean teenage girls and what causes it? One in four Korean teenage girls has IBS. Stress, anxiety, and depression were strongly linked to IBS, with depression showing the strongest connection. Randomised trial, 2009 How quickly does paroxetine reduce premenstrual irritability? Very quickly. Paroxetine reduced premenstrual irritability within 14 hours, with significant improvement by day 3. Cohort study, 2008 How common is PMS in medical students and how much does it affect their quality of life? 51% of medical students had PMS, with 5.8% having severe PMDD. PMS significantly impaired their mental and physical quality of life and academic performance. Randomised trial, 2008 Does taking paroxetine only during the luteal phase help PMDD symptoms? Yes, paroxetine 20 mg taken during the luteal phase significantly reduced irritability in women with PMDD compared to placebo. The 10 mg dose was not significantly better than placebo. Cohort study, 2008 Does age at menarche affect how much premenstrual symptoms women have? Women who started their period before age 11 reported more symptoms and syndrome, but the difference was not strong enough to be certain it wasn't just chance. Cohort study, 2008 Do headaches, irritability, and mood swings get worse or better during the transition to menopause? Surprisingly, these symptoms improve. Headaches decrease, and irritability and mood swings decline as women approach menopause, though these improvements are linked to hormone shifts and especially to a woman's PMS history and current stress. Randomised trial, 2008 Does Femal help with sleep problems and PMS symptoms? Yes. Femal significantly reduced premenstrual sleep disturbances. In women whose main symptom was irritability, Femal also reduced overall PMS symptoms. Cohort study, 2007 Does regular aerobic exercise help reduce premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women who exercised regularly had fewer premenstrual symptoms, especially pain and water retention, compared to sedentary women. Exercise also lowered some hormone levels related to premenstrual symptoms. Case-control study, 2007 Are there genes that increase the risk of PMDD? Genetic variations in the ESR1 gene (which codes for estrogen receptor alpha) appear linked to PMDD mood symptoms, suggesting genetic factors contribute to who develops the condition. This was found in a study of women with PMDD and unaffected controls. Survey study, 2007 How common is severe PMS and what are the most common symptoms? Severe PMS affects about 6.1% of women. The most frequent symptoms are irritability and anxiety, and most women with severe PMS have significant life disruption. Randomised trial, 2006 Do women with a history of PMS react differently to hormone therapy after menopause? Yes. Women with a history of PMS had worse mood symptoms when progestin was added to estrogen, especially those with anxiety-related personality traits. Randomised trial, 2005 How do PMDD symptoms start, end, and vary from cycle to cycle? Very variably. Symptoms peak 2 days before the period on average, but timing and duration differ by 4 or more days between cycles in nearly half of women studied. Case-control study, 2004 Do women with PMS have different hormone levels than women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS have significantly lower allopregnanolone in the second half of their cycle, plus higher free testosterone and higher DHEA. These hormone differences may explain why they experience mood changes, anxiety, aggression, and irritability. Study, 2004 Do these rating scales work for diagnosing premenstrual disorders? Yes. Two symptom rating scales translated into German reliably measure premenstrual symptoms and can help diagnose premenstrual disorders. Study, 2004 How do work and time off affect women's moods during different phases of their menstrual cycle? Work days made women feel more anxious, stressed, and tired compared to days off. Menstrual cycle phase also affected mood, but the effect depended on whether it was a work or off day and on the woman's personality traits. Case-control study, 2003 Do IBS symptoms change across the menstrual cycle and vary by contraceptive use? Women with IBS have higher symptom severity than controls, and symptoms vary by menstrual cycle phase and bowel pattern type. Oral contraceptive use did not significantly change most IBS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2001 How do serotonin medications help severe premenstrual dysphoria? Serotonin reuptake inhibitors are very effective (60% or higher response rate) for severe premenstrual dysphoria, likely by affecting how the brain controls aggression and irritability rather than through an antidepressant effect. Randomised trial, 2000 Does magnesium and vitamin B6 together help with anxiety-related premenstrual symptoms? A combination of 200 mg magnesium plus 50 mg vitamin B6 daily showed a small benefit for anxiety-related symptoms like nervousness and mood swings. Individual supplements alone did not work. Cohort study, 2000 Does the menstrual cycle affect how well someone breathes? No, in this study of healthy women without asthma, the menstrual cycle had little effect on lung function. Breathing varied randomly throughout the cycle and was not related to premenstrual symptoms. Interview study, 2000 Are depression and personality disorders linked to PMDD? Yes. Women with depression are about 9 times more likely to have PMDD, and avoidant personality disorder is also linked to PMDD (mainly in women over 30). However, the study cannot show whether depression causes PMDD, PMDD causes depression, or if both are caused by something else. Randomised trial, 1999 Does L-tryptophan help premenstrual dysphoria? L-tryptophan reduced premenstrual mood symptoms (dysphoria, mood swings, tension, irritability) by 34.5% compared to 10.4% with placebo. Review, 1999 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical disorder? Yes, according to expert consensus. PMDD has distinct characteristics, clear symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and responds differently to treatment than other mood disorders. Case-control study, 1999 What are the main symptom patterns in PMDD? PMDD has five distinct symptom groups: anger and irritability, depressed mood, anxiety and tension, decreased energy with physical symptoms, and eating problems. These patterns were identified through analysis of 99 women's symptoms. Survey study, 1999 How much do premenstrual symptoms affect women's work and daily life? Premenstrual symptoms significantly affect daily life and work. About 80% of women report irritability, fatigue, and bloating. Over half of working women report some impact on work. Nearly three-quarters have never sought treatment, even though effective medicines exist. Randomised trial, 1999 Does a low-dose GnRH agonist relieve premenstrual symptoms while keeping regular periods? Low-dose GnRH agonist significantly relieved irritability and depression, and improved physical symptoms like swelling and headache. However, it stopped ovulation in 56% of women, making it unsuitable for long-term use if you want regular cycles. Case-control study, 1997 Do women over 40 with PMS experience more stress than women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS had more negative life events, more difficulty with anger, and more concerns about self-control than women without PMS. They also showed higher physical stress responses. Cohort study, 1997 Are premenstrual mood changes linked to depression and anxiety during pregnancy and after childbirth? Yes. Women with premenstrual irritability before pregnancy had higher depression scores throughout pregnancy and after birth, plus greater anxiety about pregnancy, delivery, and their babies. Study, 1996 Are smoking withdrawal and premenstrual symptoms connected to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Smoking withdrawal symptoms and premenstrual symptoms are both higher during the late luteal phase (just before the period). Symptoms are lower during the follicular phase (right after the period). Lab study, 1996 Are women more emotionally reactive during their premenstrual phase? Yes. Women are more emotionally reactive to anger-provoking situations during their premenstrual phase, especially if they have premenstrual symptoms. Randomised trial, 1995 Does danazol help severe PMS? Yes, danazol significantly reduced severe PMS symptoms compared to placebo, with 43.8 percent of women becoming symptom-free versus 8.3 percent on placebo. Randomised trial, 1995 Do vaginal progesterone suppositories relieve PMS symptoms? Overall PMS scores were not significantly better with progesterone than placebo, but a specific group of 'nervous' symptoms, tension, mood swings, irritability, anxiety and lack of control, did improve significantly. Randomised trial, 1995 Does a special carbohydrate drink help mood and thinking problems in PMS? Yes, the carbohydrate beverage significantly reduced depression, anger, confusion, and food cravings 90 to 180 minutes after drinking it, and improved memory performance. Randomised trial, 1995 Is paroxetine better than other antidepressants for treating severe PMS? Yes. Paroxetine reduced symptoms much more than placebo. It also worked better than maprotiline for most symptoms. Randomised trial, 1994 Does alprazolam help women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder? Yes, but only for women whose symptoms happen only in the luteal phase. It reduced tension, irritability, and anxiety in that group but not in women who also had anxiety or depression at other times of the month. Randomised trial, 1993 Does clomipramine taken only during the luteal phase help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes, clomipramine during the luteal phase significantly reduced irritability and depression compared to placebo. The effect was notably larger than placebo, though the study was small. Randomised trial, 1992 Does clomipramine help premenstrual irritability and dysphoria? Yes. Clomipramine reduced symptoms by more than 80 percent compared to about 40 percent with placebo, with a response rate close to 100 percent. Study, 1992 Do women trying to get pregnant report more premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women in fertility treatment reported more premenstrual symptoms than medical students, and over half of them met criteria for severe premenstrual disorder compared to 42% of students. Survey study, 1990 What do we know about what causes PMS and how common it is? A literature review found PMS affects 30 to 40% of women, especially those who work outside the home, have had multiple children, or use alcohol. Many theories about causes exist, but none are proven. Survey study, 1989 Do anxiety, anger, and depression increase before a woman's period? Yes, clearly. Women with PMS had clear increases in anxiety, anger, and depression at different parts of their cycle. Those with the most obvious PMS had the strongest increases. Review, 1983 What causes PMS symptoms and how should it be treated? The four days before a period are when most PMS happens, causing irritability, depression, anxiety and fatigue. Treatments include vitamin B6, antidepressants, anti-anxiety medication and therapy, though evidence is mixed. Survey study, 1982 How common are premenstrual symptoms in American women, and what factors affect them? Premenstrual symptoms are very common in American women, with over 30% experiencing weight gain, headache, mood changes, and other symptoms, though only 2% to 8% found them severe. Cohort study, 2026 What menstrual and premenstrual problems do girls with intellectual disability experience? Adolescent girls with intellectual disability commonly experience painful periods (94.2%), severe pain (67.3%), and premenstrual mood and behavioral symptoms. Most need significant caregiver help with menstrual hygiene and require integrated support. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Do women experience more aggression and impulsiveness before their period? Yes. A study of 40 young women found aggression and impulsiveness were significantly higher during the 7 days before menstruation compared to the 7 days after. Survey study, 2026 Do teen girls with ADHD have more suicidal thoughts when angry before their period? Teen girls with ADHD are more likely to have PMDD and premenstrual anger. However, overall depression appears to be the main driver of suicide risk, not premenstrual anger alone. Interview study, 2026 How do women with irregular menstrual cycles experience and manage premenstrual symptoms? Women reported multiple symptoms including mood changes, pain, and bloating, and used various coping methods like pain relievers and heat, but most methods provided only partial relief. The unpredictability of symptoms in irregular cycles caused loss of control and distress. Survey study, 2026 Is low calcium linked to worse PMS symptoms? Low calcium was linked to worse PMS symptoms, but the connection was weak. The study was small and from one school, so we cannot be sure this applies to all girls. Randomised trial, 2026 Does PMDD change how the body releases stress hormones during a panic trigger? No clear difference was found. Women with PMDD released the hormones arginine vasopressin and oxytocin in response to a panic-triggering injection in much the same way as women without PMDD, in both phases of the cycle. Survey study, 2026 Do suicidal thoughts change across the menstrual cycle? The study found no clear pattern of suicidal thoughts changing with cycle phases. However, feelings like depression, anger, and irritability (which do vary across the cycle) were linked to suicidal thoughts. Review, 2026 Do men experience premenstrual syndrome? No. Men do not experience PMS in the strict sense because PMS is defined in relation to the menstrual cycle, which men do not have. However, men may experience recurrent mood, energy, and behavior changes from different biological and social causes. Cohort study, 2026 Does estradiol level affect mood and how we relate to others during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Higher estradiol in the late follicular phase improved mood and self-esteem, while lower estradiol in the early follicular phase increased irritability. This small study of 23 women provides initial evidence, but more research is needed. Case-control study, 2026 What role do brain chemicals called neurosteroids play in PMDD? A key brain chemical called allopregnanolone likely triggers PMDD symptoms in vulnerable women. It acts as a sedative at high levels but can cause anxiety and irritability at lower levels in some people. Case-control study, 2026 Are personality traits like aggressiveness linked to PMDD? Women with PMDD had higher aggressiveness and neuroticism than controls, and aggressiveness correlated with irritability severity and brain structure changes. However, these were small findings in a limited study. Study, 2026 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Premenstrual syndrome is very common in teenage girls. About 85.7% reported irritability, 60.7% had anger, 40.7% had headaches, and 8.5% had very severe symptoms. Survey study, 2026 Does PMS affect academic and social performance? Yes. Students with PMS reported difficulty concentrating (39.5%) and disruption of daily routines and relationships. Academic and social performance were notably better on non-PMS days. Survey study, 2026 How common is premenstrual tension and does it affect university students' studies? 65.2% had premenstrual symptoms and 8.1% met PMDD criteria. Those with symptoms had more difficulty concentrating, worse exam performance, and less participation in activities. Survey study, 2026 Are PMS symptoms and injuries common in teen girls who play competitive badminton? Yes, in this small study most of the young badminton players had at least one PMS symptom, and about one in seven had a knee or back injury linked to the sport. Playing badminton for longer was linked to more PMS symptoms, but this study cannot prove that badminton causes PMS. Survey study, 2026 Do trauma and stress worsen PMS symptoms, and does how you think about events matter? Yes. Trauma and stress are strongly linked to worse PMS. The connection may work partly through how women interpret events and how much anger they feel. Survey study, 2026 Does eating more ultra-processed food make PMS symptoms worse? Yes, this study found that eating more ultra-processed food was linked to worse PMS symptoms, but it cannot prove that the food caused the symptoms. Survey study, 2026 How do pre-menstrual symptoms affect the work and social life of young women? Pre-menstrual symptoms affect 51.3% of women aged 15-35 with mild-to-moderate PMS and 7.5% with PMDD, significantly disrupting work and social activities. The severity of symptoms directly predicts how much they interfere with daily life. Study, 2025 Does your personality type affect how much emotional PMS symptoms you have? Yes. Your temperament or personality type is a strong predictor of emotional PMS symptoms like irritability and mood swings. Survey study, 2025 Do PMS symptoms ease once your period starts, and does diet make them worse? Yes, many PMS symptoms were significantly less severe after menstruation began, and eating more sugar or fat was linked to worse irritability and tension, while multi-nutrient supplements and higher education seemed to help, in this Bangladeshi study of 400 women. Study, 2025 Do women use cannabis more during certain menstrual cycle phases, and does mood affect when they use it? Women use cannabis more frequently during the premenstrual phase, and whether they use it to manage mood or physical pain depends on how depressed or angry they feel during different cycle phases. Study, 2025 What do people say about PMS and PMDD on social media, and is it positive or negative? An analysis of tweets on X (formerly Twitter) found that tweets about PMDD were more negative in tone than tweets about PMS, with both using emotionally charged language. Randomised trial, 2025 Does fenugreek seed extract reduce PMS symptoms? In this pilot study, fenugreek reduced PMS symptom scores by an average of 32% and was well tolerated. However, there was no control group, so the improvement could be due to placebo effect. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does ubiquinol supplement improve menstrual symptoms? Possibly, especially in women over 36. In a small open-label pilot study, ubiquinol improved symptom control and mood during premenstrual and menstrual phases, particularly in women 36 and older, and improved sleep quality in that age group. Survey study, 2025 Can a plant-based supplement reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, a multi-ingredient plant-based supplement taken daily for three months significantly reduced anger, irritability, mood problems, and other PMS symptoms in most women. Without a control group, some improvement might be due to placebo effect or natural changes over time. Survey study, 2025 How does premenstrual syndrome change in women during wartime compared to peacetime? During wartime, women with PMS had much worse symptoms: 2.1 times more anxiety and sleep problems, plus greater loss of emotional control and lower working capacity. The study is limited to one war region. Survey study, 2025 Does healthy eating reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with healthy eating were much more likely to have mild symptoms, while girls with unhealthy eating were more likely to have moderate symptoms. Survey study, 2025 How much do nursing students know about PMDD and how do they feel about it? Nursing students generally had average to good knowledge of PMDD and mostly positive attitudes toward it, though a meaningful number still knew little about it. Survey study, 2025 Do brain chemistry genes shift across the menstrual cycle in women with mood changes? Yes, genes that control a brain chemical called GABA do change across the menstrual cycle in women with mood disorders. However, the relationship is complex: both unusually high and unusually low gene activity can be linked to worsening mood symptoms like anxiety and suicidal thoughts. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS in high school girls, and which non-drug methods help reduce anxiety and stress? About 25% of high school girls had PMS. The most common non-drug methods used were yoga (58%), prayer (17.5%), and exercise. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does singing bowl chakra massage therapy reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who received singing bowl chakra massage therapy showed significantly lower PMS scores compared to the control group, with moderate to large effect sizes. Interview study, 2025 What is dysphoria and how does it feel in premenstrual disorder? Dysphoria is a mood state where the world feels oppressive and pressing. In premenstrual disorder, it shows as irritability, mood instability, physical restlessness, and loss of control. Unlike depression, it typically stops when menstruation begins. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS among female medical students, and how severe are the symptoms? PMS is very common in female medical students (71.1%), with most having both emotional and physical symptoms of moderate severity. Survey study, 2025 Does caffeine affect the menstrual cycle? A study of female medical students found a significant link between caffeine drinks and menstrual cycle changes, but the abstract does not specify what the effects were. Survey study, 2025 Are violent tendencies linked to premenstrual symptoms? Students with higher PMS symptoms, especially anxiety, irritability, and sleep problems, had higher violence tendency scores. This shows a link in the data but doesn't prove that PMS causes violence. Cohort study, 2025 Does trait anger explain why trauma and stress lead to premenstrual disorder symptoms? Trait anger appears to be the key factor linking trauma and stress to premenstrual disorder symptoms. Anger affects the actual symptoms themselves, while rumination and sense of control only affect how women perceive the severity of their symptoms. Survey study, 2025 Can a symptom-tracking tool for premenstrual dysphoric disorder be translated into Urdu? The abstract describes the translation project plan but does not report whether the translation was successful or present any results. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does teaching improve nursing students' knowledge about PMS and how to manage it? Yes. After the program, 45.65% of students had good knowledge compared to 6.52% before. Survey study, 2024 What do pharmacy students know about using herbs for PMS? Pharmacy students had moderate knowledge (58.9% correct answers) about these herbs, and about 83% believed the herbs could help PMS symptoms. However, this study only surveyed opinions. It did not test whether these herbs actually work. Survey study, 2024 What factors are associated with PMS and PMDD in adolescent and young women? The study found that mood symptoms (anger, anxiety, irritability), physical symptoms (headache, weight gain), and higher BMI were significantly associated with PMS and PMDD. However, the study had very few cases of PMDD. Survey study, 2024 Does diet or exercise affect PMS symptoms? In this study of women in India, there was no link between PMS and junk food, physical activity, sugar, salt, or citrus fruits. This is one small study in one city, so it may not apply to all women. Survey study, 2024 What causes worse PMS in college women? Severe period pain, heavy periods, higher stress, and lower body esteem are linked to worse PMS. These factors together explain about one quarter of PMS severity. Cohort study, 2024 Can wearable devices like Fitbit track changes in heart rate and activity across the menstrual cycle? Yes. The study found that heart rate and physical activity did change across the cycle. Women with severe PMS walked substantially fewer steps during the luteal phase and menses. However, many women dropped out early. Study, 2024 Can PMDD be severe enough to lead to self-harm, and does treatment help? Yes. This case describes a young woman whose PMDD led to a self-harm attempt, and she improved within a month of starting treatment with fluoxetine. Survey study, 2024 How many women worldwide have PMS, and how does it vary by region and income level? The number of women with PMS globally increased from 652.5 million in 1990 to 956.0 million in 2019, a 46.5% increase, though the rate per population stayed stable. Survey study, 2024 How do sleep disruption, mood, and menstrual phase affect each other? During the perimenstrual phase (around menstruation), women wake up 8-16 minutes longer at night than other cycle phases and feel more anger. When sleep is disrupted during this phase, positive emotions drop. Survey study, 2024 What types of premenstrual syndrome exist and how common are they? Premenstrual syndrome comes in four types: anxiety-type (38%), swelling-type (26%), depression-type (22%), and cravings-type (11%). We can be fairly confident of this, though the study only included students in one Russian city. Case report, 2024 How is PMDD diagnosed and treated in teenagers? One 19-year-old girl with severe cyclical mood symptoms was diagnosed with PMDD by tracking symptoms for two menstrual cycles and improved markedly after starting an SSRI and birth control pills. Survey study, 2024 How common is dysmenorrhea related to PMS in university students, and how do they treat it? About 54% of 320 university students in Karachi experienced PMS-related dysmenorrhea. Most women (93%) used plant-based remedies, while only 7% used standard medications. Survey study, 2024 What premenstrual symptoms are most common in working women? Physical symptoms like breast tenderness, headaches, joint and muscle pain, bloating and weight gain are most common in moderate to severe form, along with fatigue and irritability. Interestingly, sleeping too much is more common than insomnia. Survey study, 2024 How common are PMS and PMDD among female physicians? Among female physicians surveyed, 22.7% had PMDD and 58.7% had moderate to severe PMS. The most common symptoms were lack of social interest, fatigue, and feeling overwhelmed. Survey study, 2024 How common are PMS and PMDD in college students, and what factors are linked to them? PMS and PMDD are common in college students. They are strongly linked to high stress, irregular periods, longer menstrual cycles, and demanding schoolwork. Most common symptoms are anger, tiredness, and loss of interest in activities. Review, 2024 Can sulpiride help women with both PMDD and IBS? One woman with PMDD and IBS who had not responded to antidepressants, pain medication, or melatonin experienced remission after taking low-dose sulpiride temporarily each month. This approach has not yet been tested in research studies. Survey study, 2024 Does knowing about Ayurvedic yoga make teenage girls more interested in practicing it for PMS? Yes, teenage girls with more knowledge about Ayurvedic yoga were significantly more interested in practicing it (p=0.00). Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS symptoms in adolescent girls and what are their menstrual patterns? Most girls (80.6%) had high levels of PMS symptoms. Many had irregular menstrual cycles, which is normal in early adolescence. Lab study, 2023 How does allopregnanolone help with PMDD symptoms? In rats with PMDD-like symptoms, allopregnanolone reduced anxiety and improved how brain receptors work in areas that control emotions. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between PMS, aggression, and weight in teenage girls? Yes. As PMS symptoms got worse, aggression increased. Girls with higher weight also had more PMS and more aggression. Survey study, 2023 How much does PMS affect female students' grades, mood, and social life? Significantly. PMS was linked to mood swings, irritability, delayed homework, and social withdrawal. The study was observational, so it shows associations but not proof of cause. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between PMS symptoms and how the nervous system controls heart rate? Possibly. Three women showed medium to high connections between their PMS symptoms and heart rate variability throughout the menstrual cycle, especially for mood symptoms. Survey study, 2023 Do women with PMDD have problems with attention and impulse control during the luteal phase? Yes. Women with PMDD show worse attention and weaker impulse control during the luteal phase, with problems getting worse in the late luteal phase right before their period. These problems are linked to impulsivity. Case report, 2023 What is menstrual psychosis? Menstrual psychosis is a rare condition causing severe psychiatric symptoms that repeat with the menstrual cycle. This case shows that psychiatry and gynecology doctors must work together to diagnose and treat it properly. Survey study, 2023 Do women with PMS and irritable bowel syndrome have related conditions? IBS and PMS appear to share similar causes and may occur together in women. Better cooperation between doctors treating these conditions is needed. Survey study, 2023 Do girls with PMS have higher prostaglandin f2α hormone levels than girls without? Yes. Girls with PMS had much higher prostaglandin f2α levels (average 379.07) than girls without PMS (average 101.23), with severe PMS linked to the highest levels (average 454.31). Study, 2023 Does the hormone LH affect whether young women get PMS? Young women with PMS had different LH hormone levels compared to those without PMS, showing a link between this hormone and PMS. LH levels also differed between mild and severe PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Does mefenamic acid help relieve PMS symptoms? Mefenamic acid relieved PMS symptoms in 70.7% of women, with the most improvement in headache and breast tenderness, but the study had no control group so we cannot be certain the drug itself caused the improvement. Survey study, 2023 Are knowledge and anxiety related to PMS in high school girls? Yes. Both showed clear relationships with PMS. Girls with better knowledge and lower anxiety had less severe PMS symptoms. Lab study, 2023 Can a chemical reduce aggressive behavior during the late phase of a cycle similar to the menstrual cycle? In a rat study, a chemical called isoallopregnanolone reduced aggressive behavior during the late cycle phase. The treatment brought aggression down to levels seen in the early phase of the cycle. Randomised trial, 2023 What does research show about PMDD neurochemistry? The provided text does not include results from a PMDD neurochemistry study. It discusses unrelated research on other topics. Survey study, 2023 How much do teenage girls in Nepal know about PMS and what symptoms do they experience? Most teenage girls have very poor knowledge about PMS (90.2%), and 77% experience PMS symptoms. The most common symptoms are mood swings, headaches, irritability, and acne. Interview study, 2023 How does water scarcity affect women's mental health and dignity during menstruation? Water scarcity forces women to struggle with managing menstruation with dignity, which creates stress, frustration, and anger that harms their mental health. Women felt humiliated when they could not stay clean during their period. Cohort study, 2023 What menstrual cycle data has been collected in a long-term UK study of mothers and daughters? A major UK birth cohort collected data on menstrual problems including irregular periods, heavy bleeding, pain, and premenstrual symptoms from mothers and daughters over many years. This data can be used to study what causes menstrual problems. Survey study, 2023 Does online exercise improve PMS symptoms? Yes. Women who did 8 weeks of online aerobic exercise and movement training had clear improvements in PMS symptoms and mood. Survey study, 2023 Does paeonol, a compound from traditional Chinese medicine, help with PMDD symptoms in rats? Yes, in rats. Paeonol reduced irritability, anxiety, and social withdrawal, and it improved brain structure and reduced nerve cell death. However, this has only been tested in rats, not humans. Interview study, 2023 What coping strategies do nursing students use during PMS? Most students had moderate PMS and used electronic devices to cope, though the study suggests they would benefit from education about healthier coping strategies. Survey study, 2023 What is PMS and PMDD, how common are they, and how are they usually treated? PMS is very common, affecting almost half of women of reproductive age worldwide, and most cases are mild to moderate, while PMDD is a more severe, officially recognized psychiatric form; treatment usually starts with lifestyle approaches and moves to medication like SSRIs for severe cases. Survey study, 2023 Does drospirenone-containing birth control reduce PMS symptoms? Yes. Female students who took drospirenone-containing contraceptive for 6 months showed statistically significant reductions in PMS symptoms, especially in irritability, aggressiveness, and sleep. Survey study, 2023 How common is PMS in women in Gujranwala division, Pakistan and what are the risk factors? 56% had PMS and 18% had PMDD. Anemia, fatigue, dysmenorrhea, family history of PMS, and where women lived were significant risk factors. Obesity and blood cholesterol were not significantly associated with PMS. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD among college girls, and what are their symptoms? Among 318 college students in India, 44 had PMDD and 89 had PMS. Symptoms differed, with PMDD including more severe mood changes like anger, tearfulness, and anxiety than PMS. Randomised trial, 2023 Does a smartphone app for heart rate variability biofeedback reduce premenstrual and depressive symptoms? Yes, the app reduced premenstrual, depressive, and stress symptoms over 4 weeks. However, it did not change the underlying heart rate patterns it was designed to improve. Survey study, 2023 Does PMS affect school performance and relationships in female medical students? Yes, significantly. 73.6% of the 2080 students studied had premenstrual symptoms, and those with symptoms did worse in school and had more problems with relationships. The study shows a clear link, but only studied medical students. Randomised trial, 2023 Does cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy help women with severe PMS control anger and distress? Yes. In 30 women with severe PMS, those who received cognitive-behavioral hypnotherapy showed significant improvements in distress tolerance and aggression after treatment and at 3-month follow-up. However this is a very small study so results are preliminary. Non-randomised trial, 2023 Can module-based education increase adolescent girls' confidence in managing premenstrual syndrome? Yes. After receiving module-based education, most girls moved from poor knowledge to adequate or good knowledge about premenstrual syndrome. Lab study, 2023 Does Xiangshao granules reduce irritability and anxiety in PMDD? In rats with PMDD-like symptoms, Xiangshao granules reduced aggressive and anxiety-like behaviors and improved social skills. This was only tested in animals, not in women. Case report, 2022 Does sertraline help women with severe premenstrual dysphoric disorder? In this case, a 44-year-old woman with severe PMDD symptoms showed complete recovery after taking sertraline for two menstrual cycles, and was able to continue taking it just during the week before menstruation. Survey study, 2022 Does a brain chemical called BDNF predict mood changes in perimenopausal women with depression? Yes. Women with perimenopausal depression who had higher BDNF levels had worse mood symptoms, which differs from typical depression patterns. Survey study, 2022 What factors make PMS mood swings worse? Stress, gynecological conditions like endometriosis and PCOS, and family history of bipolar disorder can worsen PMS. About two-thirds of women (67.4%) reported PMS and a quarter (25.6%) had PMDD. Survey study, 2022 Does a girl's relationship with her mother affect her PMS symptoms? Yes. Girls whose mothers had lower education had more severe PMS symptoms. Girls with moderate relationships with their mothers reported more shame about menstruation. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS in female medical students and how does it affect their ability to study? PMS was present in 37% of medical students. It significantly reduced their study time, work productivity, concentration, and exam performance. Survey study, 2022 How common are premenstrual syndrome and PMDD among college students in Mongolia? 23.8% had moderate to severe PMS and 4.7% had PMDD. The most common symptoms were fatigue (86.7%), anger or irritability (80.9%), and tearfulness (76.2%). Lab study, 2022 Can we create a rat model of PMDD irritability and does treatment help? Researchers created rats with PMDD symptoms and found that two drugs reduced a brain receptor linked to the symptoms. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS and how do women treat it? PMS was very common at 83.8%. Most women who had PMS took pain relievers or herbal remedies, and less than half saw a doctor. This is a survey of pharmacy customers, so it may not represent all women. Survey study, 2022 Are unhealthy diet and stress linked to premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who consumed more fatty foods, sweet foods, sweet drinks, salty foods, and fast food, and those with higher stress levels, all had significantly higher rates of PMS. Study, 2021 Can genetic patterns help diagnose different types of PMDD? Genetic patterns divided people with PMDD into two groups that matched two clinical types (depression and a second type) with 89.0% consistency. The patterns were classified correctly 83.0% of the time, suggesting they could help identify which type someone has. Survey study, 2021 Do ovarian hormones affect how worry impacts working memory? Yes. Higher worry was linked to worse working memory performance, especially when estradiol or progesterone levels were high. Survey study, 2021 Does regular exercise reduce the severity of premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes, there was a relationship between regular exercise and less severe PMS. Girls with regular exercise had lower rates of moderate and severe PMS than girls with irregular exercise. Survey study, 2021 Do disordered eating symptoms change across the phases of the menstrual cycle? This study tracked several types of disordered eating every day for a full cycle to see if they differ between cycle phases, after accounting for body weight and mood, but the actual results of that comparison are not given in the information available, so no clear answer can be reported here. Survey study, 2021 Do immune system markers relate to hostility or depression in the premenstrual phase? Paranoid hostility was linked to higher inflammatory markers during the premenstrual phase, but depression symptoms were not linked to these markers. Study, 2021 Can education help teenage girls manage mood changes during their period? Researchers provided education about PMS to teenage girls to help them understand and manage mood changes, but the study does not report whether it actually improved their symptoms. Survey study, 2021 How common are PMS and PMDD in young Turkish women? PMS affects 26.1% to 61.1% and PMDD affects 10.0% to 20.4% depending on diagnostic criteria used. Anger and irritability are the most common PMDD symptoms at 97.4%. Survey study, 2021 How common is PMS among female athletes and what causes it? 14.5% of elite female athletes met PMS criteria and reported high rates of fatigue, anger, and muscle pain. The study found no clear links to training intensity, body weight, diet, or other factors investigated. Survey study, 2021 Do adverse childhood experiences increase the risk of PMS? Yes, women who experienced more adverse things in childhood had significantly higher PMS symptoms. The evidence is fairly clear, but the study only included young university women and cannot prove childhood experiences cause PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do anger and fatigue from PMS affect family relationships and responsibilities? Yes. Anger and fatigue are linked to difficulties with family functions and responsibilities. Together, these two symptoms explain about 42% of the variation in how much PMS affects family life. Case report, 2020 Does Ayurvedic medicine help women with PMS? One 18-year-old woman with PMS was treated with Ayurvedic herbs and lifestyle advice for 15 days. Survey study, 2020 What attitudes do teenage girls have about premenstrual syndrome, and what affects them? Most girls had positive attitudes about PMS (50.3%) and good knowledge about it (74.2%). Knowledge, physical activity, anxiety levels, and health education all related to how they felt about managing PMS. Survey study, 2020 How do diet and lifestyle factors relate to PMS and PMDD in medical students? Alcohol and tobacco use were linked to PMDD. Diet type was not linked to PMS or PMDD. Anger and irritability were the most common symptoms. Survey study, 2020 Does appetite and food cravings change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. 70.4% of women reported increased appetite during their menstrual cycle, peaking at 85.8% before menstruation. Cravings for sweets were linked to depression, anger, and sleepiness. Survey study, 2020 Do women with IBS and period problems have worse psychological symptoms? Yes. Women with IBS alongside period pain and PMS show more depression, sleep problems, and worse quality of life than those without IBS. Lab study, 2020 Can a natural compound called paeonol ease anxiety and aggression in animal models of PMDD? In mouse and rat studies, paeonol reduced anxiety-like and aggressive behaviour at certain doses, but the effective dose differed between models, so this is early animal evidence, not proof it works in women. Survey study, 2020 What are the most common PMS symptoms and how much do they disrupt daily life? Painful periods affected 63% of women and 40% said their routine was disrupted during their period. However, the study was in one community in Pakistan and only recorded current symptoms, not tracked changes over time. Survey study, 2020 Do girls with type 1 diabetes experience different PMS than other girls? No clear difference. Most girls with type 1 diabetes (71.4%) experience no to mild PMS symptoms, regardless of how well their diabetes is controlled. Survey study, 2020 How common are premenstrual symptoms in secondary school students? Very common: 82.5% had mood swings or nervousness and 80.1% had fatigue. Educational level and age were associated with symptom severity. Survey study, 2020 How common is PMS in elite female athletes, and do training or lifestyle factors cause it? 14.55% of elite female athletes have moderate to severe PMS. No specific modifiable risk factors were found. 76.6% of athletes felt their symptoms interfered with performance, but only 5 out of 18 athletes with PMS saw a doctor. Survey study, 2020 Can exercise and bright light help with depression in women with PMS? In this study, women with PMS who added regular exercise and bright light exposure to their routine ended up with lower depression scores than those who didn't, but because the groups weren't randomly assigned we can't be fully sure the therapy itself caused the difference. Study, 2020 What is premenstrual syndrome and what causes it? PMS is a group of physical and emotional symptoms caused by the body's abnormal response to hormone changes during the menstrual cycle. Symptoms always go away when the period starts. Survey study, 2020 Can teaching about PMS management improve girls' knowledge? Yes. Before teaching, all girls had below-average knowledge about managing PMS. After the teaching program, most girls had average or good knowledge. Survey study, 2019 Can teaching about lifestyle changes help girls understand how to prevent PMS? Yes. Before teaching, 78% of girls had poor knowledge about PMS prevention. After the teaching program, 38% had good knowledge and 60% had average knowledge. Survey study, 2019 Are teen girls with depression or PMS/PMDD more likely to act aggressively? Yes. Girls with a depressive mood or a PMS/PMDD diagnosis showed more aggression than other girls, but this snapshot-style study cannot prove that depression or PMS/PMDD causes the aggression. Survey study, 2019 How common is PMS in young women and what coping methods do they use? PMS was very common: 96% of 84 paramedical students reported it. The most common symptoms were acne (56%) and anger/irritability (60%). Most used simple remedies like drinking hot or cold beverages (46%), which may not be effective. Cohort study, 2019 Why do some women's legs feel heavy and swollen before their period? The study found that women with premenstrual leg heaviness have enlarged leg veins during the later part of their menstrual cycle. Vein swelling and backward flow occur during this time, which explains the heaviness and swelling. Survey study, 2019 Are suicide attempts more common during certain phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes, 59% of suicide attempts occurred during the last 4 days of the luteal phase and during the 4 days of menses. However, the study could not explain why, since no depression, aggression, or other psychiatric features measured were related to this timing. Survey study, 2019 What are the best ways to manage PMS? PMS is managed in four steps: create awareness and make lifestyle changes, then offer therapy and complementary treatments, then medication if needed, and rarely surgery. This summarizes international guidelines but doesn't show strong evidence about which approach works best. Survey study, 2019 Do birth control pills reduce psychological symptoms of PMS? Yes. Women who had used birth control pills reported significantly lower rates of depression (P=0.039), sadness (P=0.012), and anger (P=0.032) related to PMS, but we cannot be certain the pills caused this because the study did not randomly assign women to use them. Survey study, 2019 What helps improve quality of life for teenagers with menstrual problems? Exercise, TENS therapy, medication, and counseling all help. Family support and age also matter. Multiple approaches work, not just medication. Survey study, 2019 How common is premenstrual syndrome among medical students? About 3 out of 4 medical students in this study had PMS. Mood swings and anxiety were most common. Case-control study, 2019 Are zinc and copper levels linked to PMS in teenage girls? The study found that girls with both irritable bowel syndrome and period pain had lower dietary zinc intake, but did not find a clear link between minerals and PMS alone. Survey study, 2019 Are women with PMS more likely to struggle with anger? Yes. Women with PMS scored higher on constant anger, anger-in and anger-out, and lower on anger control than other women, based on a large survey in Turkey. Survey study, 2019 Does PMS affect how satisfied women are in their marriages? Yes. Women with PMS reported significantly higher marital dissatisfaction than those without PMS. Survey study, 2019 Can birth control pills treat PMDD? Yes. Birth control pills with drospirenone significantly reduced emotional symptoms like depression and anxiety by 50% at 6 months, while physical symptoms like pain improved by 70%. Without a placebo control, we cannot be certain the medication caused all the improvement. Survey study, 2018 How common are PMS and PMDD among medical students in South India? Of 635 medical students surveyed, 177 had PMS and 88 had PMDD. The most common symptoms were anger or irritability, feeling tearful or overly sensitive, and fatigue or lack of energy. Study, 2018 Does aggression change during the menstrual cycle in borderline personality disorder? Yes, different types of aggression change at different times in the cycle. Reactive aggression was highest during the days around the period, while a different type of aggression (proactive) was highest during other parts of the cycle. Non-randomised trial, 2018 Does counseling reduce PMS in teenage girls? Counseling and natural techniques reduced PMS complaints in teenage girls. However, the evidence is weak because the study was very small and had no control group. Survey study, 2018 Does drinking caffeine worsen PMS symptoms? Yes. Students with moderate and severe PMS showed highly statistically significant decrease in caffeine consumption, with reduction in caffeine linked to improvement in PMS severity and duration. Randomised trial, 2018 How do progesterone metabolites affect PMDD symptoms? Women with PMDD respond differently to these natural brain chemicals. Blocking one type may reduce negative mood symptoms, but this summary is incomplete. Lab study, 2018 How does Baixiangdan capsule work to treat premenstrual dysphoric disorder? In rats with PMDD-like symptoms, Baixiangdan capsule reduced aggressive behavior and altered many genes in the brain, similar to fluoxetine. The exact mechanism remains unclear but likely involves brain signaling systems. Survey study, 2018 Do women who attempt suicide experience more menstruation-related problems? More than half of women who attempted suicide reported premenstrual distress symptoms for two menstrual cycles. The study cannot prove menstrual problems caused suicide attempts, but suggests a possible connection. Case report, 2018 Can psychotic symptoms happen only during and just after menstruation? Yes, in this case a woman had psychotic symptoms including hallucinations and paranoia that started with her period and went away about 10 days later. This pattern repeated every menstrual cycle for 7 years. Very few cases like this have been reported. Survey study, 2018 How aware are female students about PMS and PMDD, and do they seek treatment? Most female students (96.4%) knew about PMS but only 19% knew about PMDD, and nearly half did not take treatment for their symptoms. These numbers reliably describe this student group. Survey study, 2018 How many women actually have PMS when carefully tracked? When women remembered their symptoms from the last three cycles, 62.57% reported three or more symptoms. When carefully tracked with daily diaries, only 4.05% actually met criteria for PMS. Study, 2018 Do depressed adolescents respond differently to angry faces than non-depressed adolescents? Yes. Depressed adolescents found it harder to ignore angry faces compared to non-depressed adolescents. Happy faces did not create this difference in either group. Case report, 2017 Does Ayurvedic medicine help PMS? Yes. One 18-year-old woman's mood swings, irritability, and concentration problems were completely relieved after one month of Ayurvedic herbs and weekly therapy sessions. Survey study, 2017 Do women with PMS have lower calcium and does supplementation help? Women with PMS had lower blood calcium levels and lower daily calcium intake. Calcium supplementation increased blood calcium levels and reduced PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2017 Can smelling yuzu citrus scent ease premenstrual mood symptoms? In this small study, a short sniff of yuzu scent reduced tension, anger and fatigue in the days before a period, working about as well as lavender. The study is very small, so this is an early, low-certainty finding rather than proof. Study, 2017 Do women with PMDD experience emotions differently than other women? Only women with PMDD showed important changes in how they experienced unpleasant emotions and anxiety. The ability to recognize emotions in faces also depended on whether the face was male or female. Survey study, 2017 Are PMS symptoms linked to mood disorders and personality? This study found significant relationships between PMS symptoms and lifelong mania or hypomania symptoms, and between PMS and personality traits. Because it was cross-sectional, we cannot know if hormonal changes in PMS cause mood and personality changes. Survey study, 2017 How common are PMS and painful periods in female medical students and do they affect daily life? About 7 in 10 have painful periods and about 8 in 10 have premenstrual symptoms. Over half reported disruption to daily life, studying, and social activities. Survey study, 2017 How common is PMS in adolescents with psychiatric problems and does it affect their quality of life? PMS was present in nearly 4 out of 5 adolescents in a psychiatric clinic and significantly lowered their quality of life. The more severe their PMS, the worse their quality of life became. Survey study, 2017 Do non-hormonal treatments reduce premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes, in this study, non-hormonal treatments including magnesium and herbal medicine reduced PMS symptoms in 68.6% of women. However, the study was small with no control group, so we cannot be completely certain the improvement was caused by treatment. Survey study, 2017 How common is premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls and what methods do they use to cope? More than half of teenage girls had at least mild PMS symptoms, and most did not use any coping strategy. The study was only one month in one school in Ethiopia, so findings may differ elsewhere. Lab study, 2017 What brain proteins change during premenstrual irritability? In rats with PMS irritability, researchers found changes in many brain proteins in the hypothalamus and hippocampus, with some proteins decreasing and others increasing, providing new insights into premenstrual irritability. Case-control study, 2017 Do women with PMS recognize facial emotions differently depending on their menstrual cycle? Women with PMS struggle more to recognize sad and surprised faces during the luteal phase. However, women without PMS also had trouble recognizing sad faces then, so this pattern is not unique to PMS. Survey study, 2017 How many young women have premenstrual syndrome? The abstract is mostly in Polish and incomplete, so we cannot give a clear answer about prevalence from the available text. Randomised trial, 2016 Does blocking progesterone conversion help PMDD symptoms? A high dose of dutasteride reduced several PMDD symptoms by blocking conversion of progesterone to a hormone compound. However, only the high dose worked and the study was small. Case-control study, 2016 Do women with major depression or bipolar disorder experience more premenstrual symptoms than healthy women? Women with major depression in remission had more PMS than healthy women, with higher scores for depressive mood, anger, and other symptoms. Women with bipolar disorder in remission had similar PMS rates to healthy women. Survey study, 2016 Is premenstrual syndrome associated with suicide risk personality traits? Women with PMS or PMDD showed more personality traits linked to suicide risk, especially high anger, though this study involved women who had attempted suicide. Survey study, 2016 How common is PMS in Pakistani university students and what are the main symptoms? PMS is common, affecting 60% of the 520 students studied. The most frequent symptoms were fatigue (86.84%), irritability (71.05%), and breast tenderness (67.65%). Interview study, 2016 How common are PMS and PMDD among college students in India? PMS was found in 18.4% of college students and PMDD in 3.7%. A simple screening questionnaire was 90.9% effective at identifying women with PMS. Interview study, 2016 Do women with premenstrual mood problems have different brain serotonin activity? Yes, a brain imaging study found women with premenstrual dysphoria lack a normal pattern of serotonin activity on the right side of the brain during the premenstrual phase that asymptomatic women show. This is preliminary research based on only 12 women with the condition. Survey study, 2015 Does the ability to recognize emotions in faces change with menstrual cycle hormones? No clear difference in overall emotion recognition across menstrual cycle phases was found. However, estradiol levels were specifically linked to better disgust recognition, and progesterone levels were linked to slower responses to facial expressions in general. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS in teenage school girls in an urban city in India? 54% of the teenage girls reported PMS symptoms, with irritability being the most common symptom (88.1%). Because this is a survey, it reflects what girls reported rather than clinical diagnosis. Survey study, 2015 Is PMDD linked to postpartum depression? Yes, strongly. Among women with postpartum depression, 34.8% had PMDD, compared to only 4.9% without postpartum depression. This suggests a hormonal connection between the two conditions. Cohort study, 2015 Can a procedure to treat heavy periods also ease premenstrual symptoms like bloating and mood swings? In this small study, women reported clear improvement in all 6 premenstrual symptoms up to a year after endometrial ablation, but without a comparison group we can't be fully certain the procedure itself was the cause. Study, 2015 Should premenstrual dysphoric disorder be classified as a mental illness? A bioethicist argues PMDD should not be classified as a psychiatric disorder because doing so pathologizes normal anger and distress. This is a philosophical perspective, not based on a research study. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS among teenage girls in rural India? Very common: about 6 in 10 girls in this rural school reported PMS, with irritability, anxiety and anger as the most frequent symptoms. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS in Turkish medical students and does it affect quality of life? PMS is very common in Turkish medical students (91.8%), and those with severe PMS have the lowest quality of life scores. Survey study, 2014 Do sexist attitudes and beliefs about menstruation affect how much women experience PMS symptoms? Yes, women with stronger traditional gender role beliefs reported more mood and concentration-related PMS symptoms. Beliefs about menstruation linked to sexism appear to influence how severe some PMS symptoms feel. Study, 2014 Does soy extract containing isoflavones help with premenstrual symptoms? Soy isoflavone supplements improved some symptoms during menstruation but made mood symptoms worse during the luteal phase. Different treatments may work better at different times of the cycle. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does Vitex help PMS symptoms? Yes, Vitex reduced PMS symptoms, with 91 percent of women improving by the third cycle. However, without a control group, we cannot be certain Vitex itself caused the improvement. Survey study, 2014 Do women with both IBS and PMS experience worse symptoms than those with IBS alone? Yes, women with both conditions had more stress, more severe bowel and psychological symptoms, and longer episodes with slower recovery compared to those with IBS alone. Survey study, 2014 Do herbal remedies or birth control pills improve quality of life for women with PMS? Yes, both treatments led to statistically significant improvements in physical and psychological health, though this was an observational study without a control group for comparison. Survey study, 2014 What makes PMS worse in college women, stress or how they feel about periods? Both matter. Women with higher stress and a more negative attitude toward menstruation tended to have worse PMS, along with smoking and painful periods, but together these only explained about a quarter of the difference between women. Case report, 2013 Can mood disorder symptoms happen only during the second half of the menstrual cycle? One woman had cycles of high mood followed by low mood that happened only during the second half of her menstrual cycle, repeating each month. Survey study, 2013 How common is PMS in young and middle-aged women and how many receive treatment? PMS affects most women regularly or occasionally across age groups. Most women experience symptoms like back pain, leg cramps, and fatigue, but only one-third receive treatment. Study, 2013 Does the menstrual cycle affect which men women prefer as romantic partners? Yes. Women in their fertile window preferred men with aggressive traits as short-term partners, though this preference did not extend to long-term relationships. Randomised trial, 2013 Does homeopathic treatment reduce PMS symptoms? In this small study, homeopathic treatment was associated with symptom reduction and improved quality of life. However, there was no control group, so we cannot be certain the improvement was due to the treatment rather than placebo effect or natural improvement. Survey study, 2013 Can headaches happen in the middle of a woman's cycle? Yes. About half of women get headaches before their period, but one in six experience headaches around the middle of their cycle instead. Headache timing often matches when mood symptoms occur. Study, 2013 Do women with PMS experience more mental health symptoms? Yes, the study found that women with PMS had connections to various mental health symptoms including depression, anxiety, anger, and others. Survey study, 2013 Does how symptoms change during a week affect how accurately women remember them? Yes. When symptoms were increasing or decreasing during the week, women's memories were less accurate than when symptoms stayed stable. Survey study, 2013 What do Brazilian men understand about premenstrual syndrome? Most Brazilian men (86%) have heard of PMS, but awareness and understanding are significantly higher in more educated men and those with higher income. Lab study, 2012 Do stress and anger affect neurotransmitter levels in female monkeys with PMS-like symptoms? Yes. Female monkeys under social stress that developed PMS-like symptoms showed increased levels of three neurotransmitters (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) during the luteal phase. A herbal medicine treatment returned these levels to normal. Case-control study, 2012 Do women with anger and depression types of premenstrual syndrome have different brain chemicals? Yes. Women with these PMS types had significantly lower calming brain chemicals (allopregnanolone and pregnenolone) and significantly higher stress hormones (adrenaline and noradrenaline) during the luteal phase compared to healthy women. Survey study, 2012 Do women with PMS eat more food before their period? Yes. Women with PMS ate significantly more energy and carbohydrates during the luteal phase (before their period) compared to other times. Survey study, 2012 Do women with PMDD have different ovaries or hormones than women without it? Women with PMDD had significantly fewer developing egg follicles than women without PMDD, but did not have polycystic ovaries or higher male hormones as researchers expected. Survey study, 2011 Are girls in Egypt exposed to chemicals from plastic food storage? Girls in Egypt, especially in cities, had chemical exposures similar to girls in the US. The study suggests this is likely from food stored in plastic containers. Survey study, 2011 How common are PMS symptoms in teenage girls, and do they get help for them? Most teenage girls in this study had mood and physical symptoms before their period that affected school and social life, but very few ever saw a doctor about it. Survey study, 2011 Why do some women experience negative mood with hormone changes? The paper proposes that negative mood in PMDD may result from how a brain chemical reacts to receptors. This is a theoretical explanation based on research patterns, not a definitive finding from a new study. Survey study, 2011 Do menstrual symptoms make IBS worse in young Taiwanese women? Yes, in this study. Digestive symptoms got worse during menstruation in young women with IBS, though this was only measured in one school in Taiwan. Cohort study, 2010 How do anxiety disorders differ across different life stages? The provided summary focuses on anxiety in children and risk factors. The section about women and hormones is cut off in the provided text, so no conclusion about menstrual-related anxiety can be drawn. Lab study, 2010 Do hormones affect how aggressive women feel during their menstrual cycle? Overall aggressiveness did not change across the menstrual cycle, but some specific feelings like resentment and verbal aggression were linked to hormone fluctuations. The evidence is weak because only 15 women were studied. Survey study, 2010 How do mood, physical state, and self-image change during the premenstrual period? During the premenstrual period, women experienced more negative emotions, fewer positive emotions, and felt worse about their body and themselves. Changes affected how they saw themselves, not just their mood. Lab study, 2009 Can an animal model help us understand PMDD and test treatments? Yes, researchers found a rat model showing premenstrual-like irritability that responds to antidepressants, which could help understand what causes PMDD and test new treatments. Lab study, 2009 Does the menstrual cycle affect how well women recognize emotions on people's faces? Yes. Women in the low-hormone early follicular phase recognize angry, sad, and fearful faces better than women in other menstrual phases or men. Higher estrogen levels are linked to lower accuracy recognizing angry faces. Study, 2009 What causes PMDD? PMDD is caused by multiple problems in how the brain and body handle hormones and brain chemicals, not by hormone levels being too high or low. It involves changes in serotonin, GABA, how the brain responds to estrogen, and possibly genetics. Review, 2009 How common are PMS and PMDD, and how much do they disrupt women's lives? PMS causes distress in up to 20% of women and severe work or relationship problems in 3-8%. Women with PMDD experience about 3000 days of severe symptoms over their reproductive years. Survey study, 2009 Why do some women feel depressed or anxious when progesterone increases before their period? A literature review suggests progesterone is converted to chemicals that affect the brain's GABA system. At levels before the period, these chemicals paradoxically cause anxiety instead of calming it. Women with PMDD have changes in their GABA system that make them more sensitive. Cohort study, 2008 How can menstrual-related irritability be measured reliably? Researchers developed two rating scales for measuring menstrual-related irritability. Both the 14-item self-report and 5-item observer scales showed strong reliability and consistency. Study, 2008 Can a psychological intervention that addresses self-criticism help women with premenstrual distress? A psychological intervention that helped women recognize and change patterns of self-blame, staying silent, and over-responsibility reduced their premenstrual distress and gave them more control over their emotions. Randomised trial, 2008 Can adding aripiprazole to an antidepressant help premenstrual violence? A single 38-year-old woman with major depression and severe premenstrual violence improved when aripiprazole was added to her SSRI. However, this is only one case, so we cannot be confident it works for other women. Study, 2008 Does rifaximin help with IBS symptoms that worsen during PMS? In these 3 women, taking rifaximin during the premenstrual phase improved their IBS symptoms including bloating, pain, and diarrhea. The improvement continued across multiple menstrual cycles, suggesting the treatment may have lasting benefit. Lab study, 2007 Can antidepressants reduce anxious-like behavior during low-hormone phases in female rats? Yes. Fluoxetine, desipramine, nomifensine, diazepam, and progesterone all reduced anxious-like burying behavior during the low-hormone phase. Chlorpromazine had no effect. Survey study, 2007 What is dysphoria, and how is it different from other mood problems? Dysphoria is a complex emotional state combining intense unhappiness and discontent with irritability. It is related to but distinct from other mental health conditions like depression. Survey study, 2007 Does cycle-related anger connect to depression? In a rat study, females showing more anger during certain parts of their cycle also showed depression-like behavior at the same stage, suggesting these traits may share similar biological roots. Survey study, 2007 Is irritable bowel syndrome more common in women, and does it change during the menstrual cycle? Irritable bowel syndrome is more common in women than men. Stomach symptoms do not appear to change based on which phase of the menstrual cycle a woman is in. Cohort study, 2006 How should severe period pain in teenagers be treated? Regular pain relief medication (NSAIDs) started before periods begin may help. In one teenager, severe pain improved from 8 out of 10 to 5 out of 10. Non-randomised trial, 2006 Do women with PMDD respond differently to estrogen? Yes. Women with PMDD showed a different response to an estrogen injection, with stronger hormone surges linked to bloating and irritability. Case-control study, 2006 Do women with IBS and period pain have worse symptoms? Yes. Women with IBS who also have dysmenorrhea and premenstrual distress report significantly more cramping, depression, anger, and cognitive problems than women with IBS alone. This group may need complex, multicomponent treatment. Lab study, 2005 Do sleep patterns change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Sleep amount and quality stay similar throughout the menstrual cycle phases. However, the timing of sleep and activity may shift slightly at different cycle phases. Survey study, 2004 Does menstrual cycle aggression in rats relate to breathing changes? Female rats that showed aggression during their menstrual-like cycle had higher variation in their breathing depth, which may help explain why women with premenstrual dysphoria show increased breathing variability. Survey study, 2004 How does serotonin function change during the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? Serotonin function varies throughout the menstrual cycle linked to hormone levels. This variation may contribute to PMS, but we don't yet know why only some women develop the condition. Survey study, 2004 What is PMDD? PMDD is a severe form of PMS with at least 5 of 11 symptoms, including mood changes or irritability, that happen before your period and go away when you bleed. Symptoms must last at least a year and be bad enough to disrupt daily life. Study, 2004 What behavioral changes do women with PMS experience? Depression, aggression, and irritability were found to be extremely common symptoms in women with PMS. Survey study, 2003 Is cycle-related aggression linked to changes in breathing during the menstrual cycle? In rats prone to cycle-related aggression, breathing rate was higher during one phase of the cycle, whereas non-aggressive rats showed no breathing changes. This may help explain similar patterns in humans with PMDD. Survey study, 2003 Do women with PMDD act more aggressively before their period? Yes, clearly. Women with PMDD used more aggressive tactics during the premenstrual phase and had higher rates of verbal and physical aggression overall compared to women without PMDD. Survey study, 2003 Does blood pressure change during the menstrual cycle? Yes, blood pressure does change during the menstrual cycle. Systolic blood pressure is lower in the first half of the cycle, and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate are lower during menstruation and the first half of the cycle. Survey study, 2002 How common is premenstrual dysphoric disorder among women in Morocco? About half of 618 women interviewed in Casablanca met criteria for PMDD, with the most common symptoms being appetite changes, depressed mood, and emotional instability. Review, 2002 Can antidepressants help severe PMS (PMDD) symptoms like irritability and low mood? Yes. This review says serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SRI) antidepressants reduce PMDD symptoms effectively, while non-serotonin antidepressants do not, and they can even be taken only in part of the cycle. Survey study, 2002 Does the menstrual cycle change gut sensitivity in women with IBS? Yes. Women with IBS have more sensitive bowels during their period compared to other times, which may explain why their IBS gets worse. Women without IBS do not show this change. Lab study, 2002 Does the official list of PMDD symptoms match what women seeking treatment actually experience? The official list of PMDD symptoms matched 19 of 22 most frequently reported symptoms. When other mental health conditions were ruled out, irritability and anger were more common than depressed mood. Cohort study, 2001 Do psychiatric symptoms get worse before the period in women with schizophrenia? Yes, overall psychiatric symptoms were worse in the premenstrual phase. However, the psychotic symptoms like hallucinations barely changed, while mood and behavioral symptoms worsened significantly. Randomised trial, 2001 Do buspirone and nefazodone help premenstrual dysphoria? Buspirone reduced premenstrual irritability and overall symptoms more than placebo. Nefazodone did not work better than placebo. Both had good tolerability with no excess sexual side effects. Survey study, 2001 How common is premenstrual dysphoric disorder and how is it related to other psychiatric conditions? About 75-85% of women report some premenstrual symptoms, but only 10-15% seek care and 2-5% experience serious disruption to work or social life. PMS may worsen other psychiatric conditions. Lab study, 2001 Does the antidepressant fluoxetine reduce aggressive behavior during low-hormone phases in female rats? Yes. Fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg given for 4-5 days reduced aggressive behavior both during the naturally low-hormone phase and after hormone replacement in rats without ovaries. Randomised trial, 2001 Does reducing serotonin increase aggression in women during the late luteal phase? Yes. Women given a drink designed to lower serotonin showed more aggressive behavior during a competitive task in the late luteal phase, suggesting serotonin affects aggression in women as well as men. Survey study, 1999 Do bowel symptoms vary with the menstrual cycle in women with IBS and inflammatory bowel disease? Yes. About two-thirds of women with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis reported that their symptoms got worse with their cycle. Women with IBS and inflammatory bowel disease reported more cyclical changes in bowel habits than women with normal bowel function. Case report, 1998 Does how women manage anger affect how bad their PMS gets? No, not significantly. Women who coped with anger differently had similar PMS severity. But stress from work and family life was linked to worse PMS. Survey study, 1998 Does aggression change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? No. Aggression rates did not change across different phases of the menstrual cycle, though women who reported more PMS symptoms showed higher aggression throughout their cycle compared to women with fewer symptoms. Survey study, 1998 Does trouble digesting fructose cause depression? This small study found that people who couldn't absorb fructose well had higher depression scores, especially women. But the study can't prove fructose malabsorption causes depression. Non-randomised trial, 1998 Do irritability and sociability change across the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? Yes, women with PMS show clear and consistent cycle-related changes in irritability and sociability, while women without PMS do not. Case-control study, 1998 Does the menstrual cycle affect bowel disease symptoms? Yes, significantly. Women with bowel disease reported much more cyclical bowel symptoms than healthy women, with Crohn's disease patients particularly affected. Case-control study, 1997 Do current PMDD diagnostic criteria measure what they are supposed to measure? The study suggests the criteria may be incomplete. It recommends that anger and irritability, depressed mood, and problems with relationships be expanded with more items on symptom checklists. Survey study, 1997 Does learning about PMDD as a diagnosis change how women think about their symptoms? Learning that PMDD is a diagnosis didn't change women's own symptom reports, but it did make them more likely to see premenstrual problems as a psychiatric issue for women in general. Cohort study, 1997 Are PMS symptoms the same from cycle to cycle? Yes. Mood symptoms like anxiety and irritability are the most stable. These mood symptoms, not physical symptoms, cause most of the impact on daily life. Non-randomised trial, 1997 Does testosterone relate to aggressive behavior across the menstrual cycle? No clear link. Testosterone levels rose around ovulation but aggressive behavior did not change. Women's emotional symptoms like irritability predicted aggression better than testosterone levels. Case-control study, 1996 Are women with PMS more angry or do they have different feelings of control than women without PMS? No clear difference in anger or feelings of control was found between women with and without PMS. However, 89% of women thought they had PMS when only 22% actually met the official diagnosis criteria. Randomised trial, 1996 Does paroxetine help PMDD symptoms? Yes. Paroxetine appeared to significantly reduce PMDD symptoms, particularly feelings of worthlessness, low mood, and anger. The study was very small and had no proper control group beyond one placebo cycle, so results are preliminary. Interview study, 1996 Do antidepressants help treat PMDD and similar conditions? The evidence suggests antidepressants probably help, but the research quality is too varied to be certain. Better studies are needed. Survey study, 1995 Does the menstrual cycle affect social behavior in female monkeys, and what might this tell us about PMS? Yes, female vervet monkeys showed more aggression and avoidance during their late luteal phase. However, the social environment greatly affected behavior, suggesting that not all behavioral changes during the menstrual cycle are directly caused by hormones. Survey study, 1995 Do PMS symptoms affect how well women work? Yes. Over half of working women (57%) said their PMS symptoms affected job performance, and 40% felt less productive during premenstrual symptoms. Mood-related symptoms like irritability, anger, and depression had the strongest link to reduced work performance. Case-control study, 1995 How often do women experience suicidal thoughts during the premenstrual period? About 10% of women reported suicidal ideas or death wishes during the premenstrual period, especially those with other PMS symptoms like depression and irritability, though we cannot prove PMS causes these thoughts. Survey study, 1994 How are irritable bowel syndrome and chronic pelvic pain related? They often occur together and share similar psychological causes like depression and childhood trauma. IBS symptoms get worse during menstruation and worsen pain outcomes after surgery. Case-control study, 1994 Does a parent's high blood pressure change how the cycle affects blood pressure and anger under stress? Yes, in this small study family history mattered: women without a hypertensive parent had cycle-linked changes in blood pressure and anger, while women with a hypertensive parent did not show the same cycle pattern but had higher luteal-phase responses overall. Survey study, 1993 Which menstrual symptoms are most common and how do lifestyle and age affect them? Bloating, backache, and headache are the most common. Symptoms vary significantly based on education level, whether you live in a city or rural area, age, and weight, suggesting both biology and lifestyle matter. Survey study, 1993 How many PMS symptoms do female singers experience and how does this affect their voice? Female singers reported an average of 33 general PMS symptoms and 3 vocal symptoms. Abdominal bloating was most common overall, and difficulty singing high notes was the most common vocal symptom. Symptoms decreased after age 35. Case-control study, 1992 Do women with severe premenstrual irritability have different hormone levels than other women? Yes, in this small study. Women with severe premenstrual irritability and low mood had higher free testosterone at all three cycle points tested, and higher DHEA and 17-OH-progesterone at some points, compared with women without premenstrual complaints. Review, 1991 Can serotonin drugs treat PMS? The abstract mentions that tryptophan, a serotonin precursor, has been used to self-treat PMS, but doesn't provide evidence that serotonin drugs work for PMS specifically. Survey study, 1990 Does alcohol use change during the premenstrual phase, and how does it relate to PMS symptoms? 8 of 14 women drank differently during the premenstrual phase. Women who drank more premenstrually had worse symptoms, especially anger and social problems, while those who drank less reported more physical pain. Survey study, 1990 Do bowel symptoms get worse during menstruation? Yes. 34% of women without IBS reported gas, diarrhea, or constipation during menstruation, and women with IBS were significantly more likely to experience these symptoms during their period. Lab study, 1990 What are the different patterns of premenstrual symptoms women experience? Women have different combinations of premenstrual symptoms. The group with breast tenderness, bloating, irritability, tension and depression together was most likely to rate their symptoms as severe. Study, 1990 How does the popular press describe premenstrual syndrome? Magazine articles about PMS from 1980 to 1987 were mostly negative and confusing, reinforcing negative stereotypes about women rather than helping readers understand the condition. Study, 1989 Does heart rhythm change through the menstrual cycle? In women without premenstrual syndrome, there's no clear difference in heart rhythm variation across different phases of the menstrual cycle. But in women with PMS, heart rhythm variation is lower during the middle and end of the cycle, which might reflect different nerve function. Survey study, 1989 Do women's memories of premenstrual depression match their daily mood ratings? Only about half of women who reported major premenstrual depression on a questionnaire showed matching depression in daily tracking. Women with confirmed depression had worse energy and physical pain too. Lab study, 1989 Do women's emotions change in a pattern matching the 'Ms. Hyde' idea during the premenstrual phase? There is a pattern of women becoming more irritable and withdrawn before their period, but this change is much smaller than normal personality differences or the effects of stressful events. Study, 1988 Are women with premenstrual dysphoric changes at higher risk for depression? Yes. Women who report premenstrual dysphoric changes are more likely to have had previous episodes of major depression and are at higher risk for future episodes. They also face increased risk of suicidal, aggressive, or impulsive behavior during the premenstrual period. Study, 1988 Does removing the uterus stop PMS symptoms? No. One woman continued experiencing PMS symptoms even after having her uterus removed. Her mood and physical symptoms still worsened in the second half of her ovarian cycle. Survey study, 1987 Do women with severe PMS have different personality and brain chemistry than healthy women? Yes, women with severe PMS have significantly lower levels of an enzyme in their blood (platelet MAO) and higher levels of anxiety, aggression, and emotional instability than healthy women. This enzyme does not change across the menstrual cycle. Cohort study, 1986 Is PMS mainly about symptoms worsening before your period, or is there more? Women with PMS have higher depression, anxiety, and tension even in the early part of their cycle. Some symptoms do worsen premenstrually, but baseline mood appears to be the bigger issue. Survey study, 1986 Do premenstrual symptoms affect the whole family, not just the woman? Yes, this small survey found premenstrual symptoms were linked to more family conflict, less closeness, and worse communication, though it cannot prove cause and effect. Survey study, 1986 How common are hostile feelings and social problems before periods? These symptoms vary greatly by group studied: from 15% to 83% for hostile feelings, and from 14% to 92% for social functioning problems. Survey study, 1985 What is premenstrual syndrome and how is it treated? Premenstrual syndrome is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms that affect 5 to 20 percent of menstruating women. Treatment options include lifestyle changes, counseling, medication, and birth control pills, and satisfaction with treatment is commonly achievable. Survey study, 1985 What PMS symptoms do women in China report? More than half reported mood changes and back pain before their period. Several symptoms tended to cluster together. Study, 1983 Does nutrition affect premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Different types of premenstrual symptoms may respond to different nutritional approaches: vitamin B6 (200-800 mg per day) for anxiety and water retention, magnesium for appetite and cravings, and limiting salt (to 3 grams per day), caffeine, and nicotine. Non-randomised trial, 1983 Do drugs that block prostaglandins help PMS? This paper proposes that prostaglandin-blocking drugs might help PMS based on a theory, but it does not present results from a clinical trial. Survey study, 1982 Does mood change during the menstrual cycle? Group data showed some mood changes across the cycle, with fatigue and depression lower before menstruation and anger lower during menstruation. But individual tracking showed few changes, and women's memories of their moods did not match their daily recordings. Survey study, 1982 Do personality traits change at different points in the menstrual cycle? Some differences in personality test scores were found, but they did not support the common belief that women have more negative traits before their period. Non-randomised trial, 1982 Does a human pheromone affect mood at different times of the cycle? Possibly: women exposed to a pheromone in the middle of their cycle rated themselves as less aggressive, but it did not affect happiness, energy, sexiness, or irritability. This is a very small uncontrolled study. Survey study, 1982 Are premenstrual and menstrual symptoms separate problems or part of one larger problem? They appear to be part of one larger problem. Although some symptoms are worse before your period and others during it, the symptoms largely overlap. Study, 1980 Does sexual arousal change during the menstrual cycle? Yes, when women report without knowing the study tracks cycles, sexual arousal is lowest when progesterone is high and highest around ovulation. When women know what's being tracked, they report differently, showing that awareness affects how people report feelings. Interview study, 1980 What are the main symptoms of severe premenstrual tension and how do they differ from depression or anxiety? In 42 women with severe PMS, the main symptoms were irritability, mood swings, tension, and restlessness that appear and disappear with the cycle. These don't match patterns of depression or anxiety alone. Survey study, 1975 Is there a link between estrogen and progesterone levels and PMS symptoms? There was a significant link between estrogen levels and anxiety, irritability, and depression symptoms, but no clear link with progesterone levels. This is a very small early study, so we cannot be very sure. Randomised trial, 1972 Does birth control change mood and premenstrual symptoms? Birth control reduced irritability and aggression between periods and made cycles shorter, more regular, and less painful. It also caused nausea, vomiting, water retention, and drowsiness. We cannot be very confident because this was a tiny study of only 8 women. Survey study, 1970 How common is PMS in medical students? All of the medical students surveyed had at least some PMS symptoms, even if mild. Irritability and compulsivity were the most common symptoms. Earlier years of study had slightly worse symptoms than later years. Survey study, 1964 How common are mood and physical changes around menstruation? Very common. One in nine women reported severe pain, irritability or headache, and one in four had moderate to severe premenstrual tension. Psychological symptoms were linked to personality traits related to anxiety. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗