--- title: Stress: 638 studies, explained | Niyora description: 638 studies on stress and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found and what it means. url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/symptom-stress/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Stress # Stress: what the research says 638 studies on stress in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 19 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Survey study 327 Study 66 Randomised trial 60 Cohort study 54 Case-control study 51 Review 27 Randomised trial, 2026 Does mindfulness training reduce PMS symptoms and fear about childbirth? Yes. Women who completed mindfulness training had significantly fewer PMS symptoms, less fear about childbirth, and better psychological wellbeing than the control group. Systematic review, 2025 Is there a link between stress, trauma, and premenstrual symptoms? Yes. This meta-analysis of 66 studies with 38,344 people found a moderate positive link between stress and premenstrual symptoms. People with PMDD or PMS have significantly higher stress than others, and those with trauma history are more than twice as likely to have PMS. Randomised trial, 2025 Does caloric restriction and aerobic exercise improve PMS symptoms in obese women? Yes, when combined with medication, caloric restriction and aerobic exercise significantly improved PMS symptoms, reduced weight, and improved stress and reproductive hormones over 12 weeks. Cohort study, 2025 How common is PMS in Chinese teenage girls, and what factors are linked to it? About 1 in 4 Chinese girls (24.6%) has PMS. Higher stress, anger, alcohol use, menstrual cycles of 24 days or less, and period pain are all linked to increased PMS likelihood. Review, 2025 How do stress hormone levels change during the menstrual cycle and how does this affect health? Cortisol levels are higher in the first two phases of the cycle and lower in the final phase. Higher cortisol is linked to PMS symptoms, miscarriage, and reduced fertility, while birth control medications may help stabilize cortisol. Systematic review, 2024 Does psychological stress cause irregular periods? Yes. A review of 41 studies found that psychological stress is associated with irregular periods and abnormal menstrual flow in otherwise healthy women. Stress is a modifiable risk factor, meaning reducing stress may help. Randomised trial, 2024 Does curcumin reduce depression, anxiety, and stress in women with PMS and dysmenorrhea? Yes, curcumin significantly reduced depression, anxiety, and stress and improved mental health and quality of life compared to placebo. This was a larger, high-quality study. Randomised trial, 2024 Does curcumin-piperine combination improve antioxidant activity in women with PMS and period pain? Curcumin significantly increased free-radical scavenging activity in the blood compared to placebo. However, other antioxidant measures showed no difference, so the practical benefit is unclear. Systematic review, 2024 Does yoga help reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, yoga appears to help reduce emotional, behavioral, and physical PMS symptoms and improve quality of life. The evidence comes from a systematic review of 14 randomized controlled trials. Review, 2023 What treatments help mental and physical health problems linked to the menstrual cycle? Multiple treatment approaches work including medicines, psychotherapy, and hormonal therapy. An interdisciplinary team approach combining different specialties works best. Systematic review, 2022 Does the stress hormone cortisol change across the menstrual cycle? Yes, but only slightly. Across many studies, cortisol was a little higher in the first half of the cycle (follicular phase) than the second half (luteal phase), and higher during a period than right before it, but most other phase comparisons showed no clear difference. Randomised trial, 2022 Do herbal medicines and nutritional supplements help relieve PMS symptoms? Yes. A review of 25 high-quality studies with 1949 participants found that herbs and supplements with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties can effectively relieve PMS symptoms. More research is needed to confirm how well they work. Cohort study, 2021 Are low antioxidant vitamins or high oxidative stress linked to premenstrual syndrome? This study found that oxidative stress markers were linked to more depression and food cravings symptoms and more severe PMS, but antioxidant vitamin levels were mostly not associated with PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2019 Does online cognitive behavioral therapy help women with PMDD? Yes. Women who completed 8 weeks of online therapy had significantly greater improvements in functional impairment, mood, and everyday life. The improvements lasted for at least 6 months. Case-control study, 2016 Is cortisol dysregulation a cause of PMS or PMDD? No. Overall, very little evidence showed that women with and without PMS/PMDD have systematic differences in cortisol levels or how they respond to stress. Researchers recommend more rigorous studies before drawing final conclusions. Case-control study, 2014 How common is severe period pain and what causes it? Period pain affects 16% to 91% of women of reproductive age, with severe pain in 2% to 29%. It's less common as women age, after having children, and when using birth control pills, but more common with stress or family history of it. Randomised trial, 2011 Does phone support reduce stress during IVF waiting? No, the stress scale showed no difference, but women perceived the support as helpful and wanted more. Review, 2003 How do menstrual cycle hormones affect the brain and cause mood disorders like PMDD? A hormone called allopregnanolone acts on brain receptors. Changes in this hormone during the cycle may cause mood and behavioral symptoms in up to 20% of people through three mechanisms: direct effects, building tolerance, and withdrawal effects. Cohort study, 1999 What causes negative mood during menopause? The menopause transition itself and hormone levels do not directly cause negative mood. Instead, past premenstrual problems, negative attitudes to aging, life stress, health problems, smoking, low exercise, and relationship issues are the main causes. Randomised trial, 2026 Does a smartphone app with symptom tracking and emails help reduce emotional distress from PMS? Yes. Women using the app showed greater improvement in emotional distress than those on a waitlist. The improvement was small but statistically significant. Survey study, 2026 Does stress affect premenstrual symptoms in female athletes, and can coping strategies help? A review of research found that higher stress worsens PMS symptoms in female athletes, while healthy coping strategies like emotional regulation and social support can reduce symptoms. This comes from multiple studies rather than one new study. Survey study, 2026 Is PMS worse in medical students with higher stress? Yes. Medical students with high stress are much more likely to have moderate to severe PMS. About 26.5% of students had moderate to severe PMS overall. Randomised trial, 2026 Which works better for PMDD: cognitive-behavioral therapy or mindfulness-based cognitive therapy? Both therapies reduced stress and improved well-being in PMDD, with cognitive-behavioral therapy being more effective. However, neither significantly improved emotional well-being. Systematic review, 2026 Can mindfulness, yoga or qigong help with PMS symptoms? Yes, these practices seem to help with mood, stress, anxiety, physical symptoms and sleep in women with PMS, but the research quality is only moderate, so we cannot be fully certain yet. Survey study, 2026 What dietary, lifestyle, and psychological factors are associated with PMS in young women? Stress and sleep problems were independently associated with PMS. Diet and weight were not independently associated with PMS after accounting for other factors. This is a cross-sectional study, so these are associations, not proof of cause and effect. Randomised trial, 2026 Does yoga or Pilates help manage PMS symptoms? Yes, both yoga and Pilates reduced depression, anxiety, stress, and improved quality of life over 6 weeks, with yoga producing slightly larger improvements. However, this was a very small pilot study. Randomised trial, 2026 Does education about PMS symptoms help reduce pain and stress? Yes. Women who received education about PMS symptoms had lower pain and stress levels than the control group, especially if their symptoms were more severe to begin with. Survey study, 2026 Does exercise help college women with period problems and mental health? Yes. College women who do moderate to vigorous exercise have less severe period problems, lower stress, fewer depression symptoms, and better sleep quality. Study, 2026 Does how women's body responds to stress change across their menstrual cycle? Yes. During the luteal phase (the second half of the cycle), women's blood pressure and anxiety rose more when they faced a stressor, compared to other phases. This suggests the luteal phase involves different stress reactivity. Survey study, 2026 Does fear of childbirth explain why women with PMS are more likely to develop postpartum depression? Yes, partially. Fear of childbirth accounts for 31.03% of the effect of PMS on postpartum depression in first-time mothers, and 43.62% in experienced mothers. This suggests PMS creates ongoing emotional vulnerability through pregnancy and after birth. Survey study, 2026 Is academic stress linked to PMS severity in university students? Yes, clearly. Higher stress levels were linked to worse PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2026 What lifestyle and work factors are linked to PMDD symptoms in Chinese nurses? 42.4% of Chinese nurses have PMDD symptoms. Risk is higher in those who work night shifts, do not exercise, drink alcohol, are overweight in a certain range, or have depression, anxiety, or poor sleep. Case-control study, 2026 Do women with PMS show different brain stress responses at different cycle phases? Brain responses to stress were similar in women with and without PMS regardless of cycle phase, but more severe PMS symptoms were associated with differences in two specific brain regions. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Does mindfulness-based stress reduction reduce stress in teenagers with premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Eight sessions of mindfulness training over four weeks reduced stress levels in teenagers receiving it compared to a control group. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMDD among female medical students and what triggers it? 11% screened positive for PMDD and 42.5% had moderate-to-severe PMS. Main triggers were stress, poor health, poor nutrition, and exams, though most managed symptoms without seeing a doctor. Survey study, 2026 What factors most strongly drive PMS severity in female engineering students? Stress, poor sleep quality, and academic burnout are the strongest drivers of PMS, together explaining 74% of symptom severity. Exercise and diet also matter but are less influential. Survey study, 2026 What hormonal and psychological factors affect PMS symptoms? In a community sample of 257 women, PMS symptoms were higher in the days before menstruation and linked to progesterone levels. Stress and anxiety-prone personality traits also increased symptoms. Cohort study, 2026 Does a birth control pill with estetrol and drospirenone help PMS? Yes. Over 3 months, this combination birth control significantly improved PMS symptoms and hormone levels. Non-hormonal therapy also helped but had smaller effects. Study, 2026 Does menstrual cycle phase affect how stressed women feel during exercise or their athletic performance? Menstrual cycle phase affects emotional state and how hard exercise feels, but does not affect measures of physical strength or athletic ability. This is a moderate-sized study. Cohort study, 2026 Are stress, physical activity, and diet linked to premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Higher stress was associated with worse PMS, moderate-intensity exercise with better outcomes, and higher red meat consumption with more severe PMS. But this observational study cannot prove these factors cause the changes. Survey study, 2026 What role do stress and inflammation play in PMDD? A review of published research found that stress and inflammation are present in people with PMDD. More research is needed to understand how well birth control pills and anti-inflammatory medicines work for treating PMDD. Randomised trial, 2026 Does training based on health promotion model reduce PMS symptoms, emotional eating, and stress? Training reduced fatigue and depressive thoughts related to PMS, but did not significantly improve overall emotional eating or perceived stress. Survey study, 2025 Do menstrual problems and poor sleep affect mood and thinking in teenage girls? Yes. Clear links exist between menstrual pain or PMS symptoms and anxiety, depression, and social problems in adolescent girls. Sleep also matters. Girls with later bedtimes or shorter sleep plus pain had worse mood and thinking problems. Survey study, 2025 Do women with PMS have higher anxiety, stress, and different personality traits? Yes. Women with PMS had significantly higher anxiety sensitivity and stress levels, higher neuroticism and psychoticism traits, and slightly lower extraversion than women without PMS. Study, 2025 Do ADHD symptoms get worse in the week before your period? Yes. Women with ADHD had more symptoms, worse sleep, and higher stress in the late luteal phase (the week or so before their period), and they took more medication during this time. Systematic review, 2025 Does the menstrual cycle affect how your body and emotions respond to stress? There is modest evidence that during the luteal phase (the second half of your cycle), you show greater heart rate changes and emotional reactions to stressful situations. This may explain some PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2025 Do coping skills training or acupressure better reduce premenstrual stress? Both coping skills training and acupressure significantly reduced premenstrual stress compared to no treatment. The two treatments were equally effective, so either could be used based on preference. Case-control study, 2025 Is the stress hormone system different in women with PMDD? Women with PMDD had significantly lower cortisol levels throughout the menstrual cycle compared to controls (p=0.0004 in follicular phase, p=0.0007 in luteal phase), suggesting PMDD may have a different mechanism than other depression types. Survey study, 2025 Does menstruation affect how well women perform at work? Yes. On days when women were menstruating, they reported lower ability to control their emotions and regulate themselves, which led to worse task performance, less helping of colleagues, and more withdrawing from work. Pain made this effect stronger. Randomised trial, 2025 Can hypnosis ease anxiety, stress and low mood in women with PMS? Yes, in this small trial women who had hypnosis sessions ended up with lower depression, anxiety and stress scores than women who had no treatment, but the study was small and not blinded. Randomised trial, 2025 Does video-based Pilates exercise reduce PMS symptoms, stress, and pain? Pilates exercise significantly reduced stress and pain severity. However, when comparing the two groups, the overall PMS symptom improvement was not statistically different. Cohort study, 2025 Is the stress hormone cortisol different in women with PMDD? Yes. Women with PMDD had weaker cortisol peaks in the early cycle phase, and lower cortisol was linked to more depression during the premenstrual phase. Survey study, 2025 What factors are related to PMS in high school girls? Stress was the only factor significantly related to PMS in high school girls. Girls with moderate stress levels were more likely to have PMS, but age at first period, body weight, diet, and physical activity were not significantly related. Survey study, 2025 Can a smartphone app help diagnose and monitor PMS? Yes. A Telegram chatbot achieved 80% active participation and tracked PMS symptoms effectively, showing promise as a tool for diagnosis and monitoring. Survey study, 2025 Is the PSST a good screening tool for PMS in Bangladesh? Yes, the Bangladeshi version of the PSST was found to be valid and reliable for screening PMS, with strong correlations to depression, anxiety, and stress. Study, 2025 Does menstrual cycle phase affect memory ability? Memory performance follows the menstrual cycle, with best performance in the late follicular phase when estradiol (estrogen) is high, and worst performance in the mid-luteal phase when progesterone is high. This is a large study. Review, 2025 What do menstrually-related mood disorders and postpartum depression have in common? They share similar symptoms like anxiety, irritability, and depressed mood. They may be caused by similar hormone changes and stress effects on the brain, but more research is needed to understand all the factors involved. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does Mabelle Cycle help restore regular periods in women with stress-related problems? Yes, more women taking Mabelle Cycle restored regular periods compared to those in the control group. After three months, 62.5% of those taking Mabelle Cycle had restored cycles versus 27.5% in the control group. Cohort study, 2025 Do pain sensitivity and negative thinking explain how trauma and stress cause PMS or PMDD? Yes. Both heightened pain sensitivity and negative thinking patterns mediate the connection between past trauma or stress and premenstrual disorder symptoms. Survey study, 2025 What psychological and personal factors predict which university students will develop premenstrual syndrome? High anger, low social support, childhood trauma, high stress, negative attitudes toward menstruation, and poor satisfaction with gender roles all predict PMS. However, results are limited to university students in one country. Survey study, 2025 How common are PMS and painful periods among female medical students in Saudi Arabia, and what causes them? Both are very common - 78.33% have PMS and 75.67% have painful periods. Young age, not being married, stress, fatty foods, and coffee drinking increase the risk. Cohort study, 2025 What causes migraine in female college students who have PMS? Among college students with PMS, those with migraine have worse sleep quality and higher anxiety. Poor sleep and anxiety appear to predict migraine risk. Survey study, 2025 Is PMS connected to mental health problems and lifestyle choices? Yes, 64% of nursing students had PMS and it was strongly linked to depression, anxiety and stress. PMS was also more common in students who smoked, drank alcohol, drank coffee or reported psychological problems. Review, 2025 How does progesterone affect mood and brain function? Progesterone influences how your brain processes emotions and manages stress. In women with PMDD, targeting progesterone receptors can improve mood symptoms before your period. Survey study, 2025 How does sexual desire change during the menstrual cycle? Sexual desire typically increases around ovulation when estrogen is highest, but stress, sleep, relationship quality, and PMS or PMDD can weaken this biological pattern. Survey study, 2025 Does stress management affect perimenstrual symptoms in working women? Yes. Women with better stress management skills had less severe symptoms around their period. Those who used avoidance to cope had worse symptoms. Survey study, 2025 Does how women cope with stress affect their PMDD symptoms? Yes. Women with stress had worse PMDD symptoms, especially if they avoided dealing with the problem. Using better coping strategies helped reduce symptom severity under stress. Lab study, 2025 Does yogic pilates and breathing exercises help PMS symptoms? Yes. Women doing yogic pilates and breathing exercises (pranayama) for 24 days had a clear improvement in core strength and a clear reduction in stress. There was no clear change in memory function or AMH hormone levels. Randomised trial, 2025 Can coping skills training reduce premenstrual stress? Yes. Women who received coping skills training had significantly greater reductions in premenstrual stress compared to women with no training. They also improved their coping strategies. Survey study, 2025 What affects sleep quality in nursing students? Several factors affect sleep quality: perceived mental health, PMS symptoms, perceived stress, and psychological well-being. Together, these explained about half the differences in how well students slept. Survey study, 2025 Are premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms, stress, and sleep quality linked in female nursing students? Yes, there was a clear link between more premenstrual dysphoric disorder symptoms and higher stress, and between stress and worse sleep. Cohort study, 2024 Does the COVID-19 booster vaccine affect menstrual cycles in adolescent girls? Yes. Girls who received the booster had shorter cycles on average, with cycles being 5.35 days shorter than before vaccination, especially in the second cycle after vaccination. Higher stress was also linked to shorter cycles. Case-control study, 2024 Do women with PMDD have a weaker stress response? Yes, women with PMDD showed significantly lower stress hormone (cortisol) levels 40 to 90 minutes after a stressful test, suggesting a blunted stress response. Survey study, 2024 Did having COVID-19 cause lasting menstrual problems? No clear difference was found in menstrual cycle patterns or PMS symptoms between vaccinated women who had COVID-19 and those who had not had it. Survey study, 2024 Is PMS linked to mental health problems and stress in teenage girls? Yes, PMS was strongly linked to anxiety, depression, self-harm, and suicidal thoughts in Polish teenage girls, along with stress and risky behaviors. However, finding a link doesn't prove PMS causes these problems. Cohort study, 2024 Does experiencing stressful life events change how your mood varies during your menstrual cycle? Yes. Women who experienced more stressful or traumatic life events show bigger mood and mental health changes during the premenstrual phase, particularly increases in suicidal thoughts. Randomised trial, 2024 Can stress inoculation training reduce anxiety, depression, and stress in students with PMS? Yes. Computer-based stress inoculation training significantly reduced PMS severity, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress in university students. Randomised trial, 2024 Does emotion-focused therapy help PMDD symptoms? Yes. Emotion-focused therapy significantly reduced PMDD symptoms, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression and stress over 16 weeks compared to a waiting list control. Case-control study, 2024 Are hormone and growth factor levels different in women with PMDD during the luteal phase? Yes. Women with PMDD have higher progesterone and cortisol during the late luteal phase, and these are linked to worse symptoms. Growth factors that may protect are lower in women with PMDD. Study, 2024 How do lifestyle factors like diet, exercise, and stress affect menstrual health and PMS? Lifestyle factors significantly affect menstrual health and PMS. A balanced diet with adequate vitamins, regular exercise, good stress management, and healthy weight can reduce PMS symptoms, while poor nutrition, high stress, extreme weight, and substance use make them worse. Cohort study, 2024 Does shift work worsen PMS symptoms in newly graduated nurses? Yes. PMS got worse six months after newly graduated nurses started shift work and stayed worse at 18 months. Sleep quality and fatigue were the strongest linked factors. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMDD in high school students and what factors are linked to it? About one-third of high school students (33.03%) had PMDD. Depression, stress, irregular periods, and longer menstrual bleeding were the strongest linked factors. Survey study, 2024 Does thinking style affect mood through the menstrual cycle in people with PMDD? Yes. People with PMDD who had less repetitive negative thinking and more present-moment awareness during the late luteal phase showed better mood. Long-term thinking habits didn't protect them from premenstrual mood worsening. Survey study, 2024 How do occupational stress and sleep quality relate to premenstrual syndrome in nurses? Occupational stress increases PMS, and poor sleep quality partly explains this relationship. Sleep quality accounted for about half the connection between stress and PMS. Randomised trial, 2024 Does practicing yoga twice weekly for 8 weeks reduce PMS symptoms and improve quality of life? Yes. University students who practiced yoga twice a week for 8 weeks had significant reductions in PMS symptoms and stress, with improvements lasting 24 weeks. Randomised trial, 2024 Do positive psychology and physical activity help PMS symptoms? Yes. Both positive psychology and physical activity significantly reduced depression, anxiety, and stress in students with PMS, with benefits appearing about two months after the interventions. Randomised trial, 2024 Can yoga or muscle relaxation exercises ease PMS symptoms? Yes, in this small trial, students who practiced yoga, or yoga plus progressive muscle relaxation, had lower PMS scores afterward than those who did only relaxation or nothing. Survey study, 2024 Did COVID-19 stress cause changes in menstrual cycles? Yes, the pandemic was linked to menstrual cycle changes, and women with these changes were more likely to have depression and sleep problems, though the study can't prove stress caused the changes. Survey study, 2024 Are menstrual cycle symptoms related to sleep problems and mental health in female athletes? Yes. Women with more menstrual symptoms reported more depression, anxiety, stress problems, and sleep issues. Survey study, 2023 Are PMS symptoms linked to loneliness in adolescent girls during COVID-19? Yes. Girls with worse PMS symptoms were more likely to feel lonely. About 29% of girls felt lonely, and 16% of lonely girls had serious psychological distress. Survey study, 2023 Do inflammation markers in the blood link to food cravings during the menstrual cycle? Yes, higher inflammation markers were linked to increased risk of moderate to severe food cravings during the menstrual cycle. After statistical correction, hsCRP remained significant for chocolate, sweet, and salty cravings. Cohort study, 2023 Does COVID-19 vaccination change the menstrual cycle? About 25% of vaccinated people reported temporary menstrual changes, most after the second dose. The vaccines are safe and effective, but the study could not determine whether changes were caused by the vaccine or are normal cycle variation. Cohort study, 2023 Can we predict which nurses will get PMS based on their lifestyle and work conditions? Yes, researchers created a model that could accurately predict which nurses would develop PMS by looking at sleep quality, stress, anxiety, depression, caffeine intake, workplace bullying, and menstrual cycle patterns. The model showed good prediction ability in both test and validation datasets. Randomised trial, 2023 Does a healthy diet reduce PMS symptoms and improve quality of life in adolescent girls? No, this study found no significant improvement in PMS symptoms or quality of life from healthy diet and motivational counseling. This contradicts some other research suggesting diet may help. Randomised trial, 2023 Does eating a healthy diet reduce PMS symptoms in teenage girls? No. The study found no significant link between healthy diet and PMS symptoms or quality of life in teenage girls. Case-control study, 2023 Do emotion regulation strategies help women with PMDD manage mood and stress hormones? Women with PMDD use less helpful emotion regulation strategies. Using better strategies improves daily mood but does not fully prevent the premenstrual mood drop. Mindfulness may help maintain normal stress hormone levels. Cohort study, 2023 Is the mid-luteal phase a vulnerable time for mood problems? The study found weak evidence for this. Women had more depression-like symptoms in the mid-luteal phase, but stress was a stronger predictor of mood changes than menstrual cycle phase. Survey study, 2023 What factors make premenstrual syndrome worse in nursing students? The study found that PMS is linked to menstrual pain, poor sleep, neuroticism (a personality trait), and stress. These factors together explain about 44% of why some students have worse PMS than others. Randomised trial, 2023 Does taking a specific bacteria supplement help with premenstrual emotional symptoms? Taking Lactobacillus paragasseri OLL2809 for three menstrual cycles reduced premenstrual irritability and improved energy and activity levels compared to placebo. Survey study, 2023 What factors make PMS worse in college students? Depression, stress, sleep problems, and eating attitude problems are all linked to worse PMS. Most students had symptoms severe enough to be called premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Survey study, 2023 Does stress cause women with PMDD to eat emotionally? In women with PMDD, stress mediated the link between PMS symptoms and emotional eating. Stress plays a key role in whether women eat emotionally during their cycle. Survey study, 2023 Is PMS related to depression, anxiety, and stress during the COVID-19 pandemic? Yes. A clear relationship was found between PMS and depression, anxiety, and stress. Most women experienced PMS (68.8%), anxiety (75.8%), and depression (63.8%). Survey study, 2023 Is stress a risk factor for PMS in young women? Yes. Stress is linked to PMS. More than 3 out of 4 students had PMS, and those with high stress, younger age, irregular exercise, and living away from home were more likely to have it. Case-control study, 2023 Do women with premenstrual syndrome respond differently to emotional stress? Yes. Women with PMS showed different brain wave patterns and lower stress hormone levels. These differences were moderately linked to how severe their PMS was. Survey study, 2023 How do rumination and awareness affect mood and stress hormones during the menstrual cycle in PMDD? In women with PMDD, being aware of the present moment and thinking less about negative things predicted better mood during the premenstrual phase. Women with PMDD also lacked the normal stress hormone pattern that healthy women show, which may be a biological marker of PMDD. Randomised trial, 2023 Does a mindfulness stress reduction program reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, in this trial, women who completed an 8-week mindfulness program had significantly lower PMS symptom scores than women in a control group. Survey study, 2023 Does eating more fiber help reduce PMS symptoms? In this study of 85 medical students, there was no clear difference in PMS severity between those who ate more fiber and those who did not. Survey study, 2022 How common are PMS and PMDD? Are stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep problems related to them? About 22.49% of women have PMS and 1.36% have PMDD. Women with these conditions have much higher stress, anxiety, and depression and worse sleep than women without them. Survey study, 2022 What diet, stress, and lifestyle factors are linked to PMS symptoms? High coffee intake, sugar, stress, smoking, and low physical activity were all linked to worse PMS symptoms, with stress showing the strongest association. These are associations only, not proven causes. Study, 2022 Does COVID-19 infection affect menstrual cycles? COVID-19 infection causes menstrual cycle changes in more than half of infected women, though most cycles return to normal within a year. Randomised trial, 2022 Does group counseling reduce PMS symptoms and depression, stress, and anxiety? Yes, group counseling significantly reduced PMS severity and depression, stress, and anxiety in women with PMS. Randomised trial, 2022 Do hormone pills prevent suicidal thoughts from getting worse around menstruation? Yes. Giving women estradiol and progesterone during the time when their natural levels drop (around menstruation) significantly reduced suicidal thoughts, depression, and feelings of rejection and burden compared to placebo. Survey study, 2022 What factors are associated with irregular menstrual cycles and how do irregular cycles affect other symptoms? Irregular cycles (varying by more than 7 days) affected 21% of nurses. Higher weight, lack of vigorous exercise, shift work, and heavy lifting were associated with irregular cycles. Women with irregular cycles also reported more depression, anxiety, stress, fatigue, and sleep problems. Case-control study, 2022 Does how women think about their period affect how their nervous system responds to stress? Yes. How women view their period (as bothersome or predictable) affects their nervous system response. Women with PMS also show delayed recovery from stress during the premenstrual period. Survey study, 2022 Is severe period pain and PMS linked to stress and missing school in medical students? Yes, both severe period pain and PMS are strongly linked to higher stress levels and missing classes among female medical students. Cohort study, 2022 What are PMS and PMDD and how should they be diagnosed and treated? PMS involves 1-4 symptoms or 5 or more physical or behavioral symptoms. PMDD requires 5 or more symptoms with at least one mood symptom like irritability or mood swings. Treatments include exercise, cognitive behavioral therapy, and medications like SSRIs and hormonal contraceptives. Cohort study, 2022 How common are suicidal thoughts and self-harm in people with PMDD? Suicidal thoughts, planning, and attempts are very common in people with PMDD. About 72% report lifetime suicidal thoughts, 49% report planning, and 34% report attempts. Survey study, 2022 Do stress and rumination increase with PMS severity? Yes. Women with more severe PMS symptoms had higher levels of stress, anxiety, depression and rumination. Momentary stress and rumination also increased during the premenstrual phase of the cycle. Survey study, 2021 Did COVID-19 stress make PMS worse for young women? Young women who experienced trauma symptoms from COVID-19 had more severe PMS symptoms than those without trauma. This observational study cannot prove that COVID stress causes worse PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do female military officers want to suppress their periods during training? Yes, about half wanted to stop periods during training, mainly to avoid worrying about supplies and the inconvenience. However, 37% disagreed, and most didn't report that training made their PMS worse. Systematic review, 2021 Does PMS involve inflammation and problems with antioxidants in the body? Limited evidence suggests PMS is linked to inflammation and lower antioxidant levels. The findings on oxidative stress are mixed, and we need bigger studies to be sure. Interview study, 2021 How do premenstrual symptoms affect mothers and their parenting? Psychological symptoms of PMS were linked to higher parenting stress. Women said irritability was the most troubling PMS symptom, but most developed ways to manage. Survey study, 2021 Does physical activity or age at first period affect how much PMS a teenage girl experiences? Physical activity showed a significant relationship with PMS (p=0.030), meaning girls with low activity had more PMS. Age of menarche did not show a significant relationship (p=0.073). Study, 2021 Do women's personalities and marriages change between different phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women showed less healthy personality traits and lower marital satisfaction during the luteal phase (later part of cycle) compared to follicular phase (earlier part). Changes were larger in women with clear PMS. Case-control study, 2021 Do women with PMS have different stress hormone levels during their menstrual cycle? Women with PMS had higher evening aldosterone levels during the early luteal phase compared to women without PMS, and these levels correlated with symptom frequency. Cortisol levels did not differ between the groups. Survey study, 2021 Does the menstrual cycle affect how emotions and heart rate connect? In the luteal phase, women's sadness, stress, and anxiety were linked to increased heart rate and reduced heart rhythm variation, but this was not seen in the follicular phase. Women also showed larger heart rate increases with anger than men. Lab study, 2021 Does progressive muscle relaxation or Mozart music therapy reduce stress from PMS? Both progressive muscle relaxation and Mozart music reduced stress in people with PMS, but progressive muscle relaxation reduced it more. Survey study, 2021 Does COVID-19 stress affect menstrual cycle regularity? Women healthcare workers with irregular periods reported significantly higher stress, anxiety, and depression linked to COVID-19 compared to women with regular periods. About 28.7% of the women in the study had irregular cycles during the pandemic. Survey study, 2021 How did the COVID-19 pandemic affect women's menstrual cycles and symptoms? Nearly half of women reported worsening of their PMS symptoms during the pandemic. Many also reported changes in their menstrual bleeding, increased period pain, and missed periods. Systematic review, 2020 Does smoking increase the risk of getting PMS? Yes, smoking is associated with 1.56 times higher risk of PMS. But it is unclear whether smoking causes PMS to worsen or whether women with PMS smoke to try to cope. Survey study, 2020 What factors predict which women will develop PMDD symptoms? How much women ruminate or worry about their problems and having a specific type of period pain are linked to PMDD. Stress and drug use were not linked. The researchers were able to predict PMDD symptoms correctly 90% of the time using these factors. Randomised trial, 2020 Does zinc supplementation help PMS symptoms? Yes. Women taking 30mg of zinc daily for 12 weeks showed significant improvement in both physical and psychological PMS symptoms compared to placebo. Lab study, 2020 Does anxiety sensitivity change during different parts of the menstrual cycle? No, not much. Anxiety sensitivity remained relatively stable across the menstrual cycle phases tested, even in women with PTSD. Case-control study, 2020 What factors predict which teenage girls will have PMS? Stress and a marker in the urine were the strongest predictors of PMS in teenage girls. Diet factors like fat, calcium, and zinc were also related to PMS risk. Randomised trial, 2020 Does an oxaloacetate and vitamin C combination reduce emotional symptoms of PMS? Yes. The supplement significantly improved depression, anxiety, stress, and aggression, with depression improving by 54.1% and suicidal ideation reduced by 47.9%. Study, 2020 Does Tazalok work better than Vitex for treating PMS? After 3 months, Tazalok improved hormone levels more than Vitex, with bigger improvements in depression and pain. Since women were not randomly assigned to groups, we cannot be completely certain about these differences. Survey study, 2020 Is PMS common in female university students and linked to anxiety, depression, and stress? PMS is common, with most students having moderate symptoms and 8% experiencing severe PMS. PMS is significantly associated with anxiety, depression, and stress. Survey study, 2020 Do sleep problems make PMS worse in shift-working nurses? Yes, poor sleep quality and irregular sleep times are linked to worse PMS. Sleep quality also explains how work stress affects PMS. Survey study, 2019 Does exam stress make PMS symptoms worse? Yes. Among medical students preparing for exams, 93.2% with moderate stress had PMS compared to 73.1% with mild stress. However, this was measured at one time point during exams, so we cannot prove stress causes PMS. Study, 2019 Is stress higher during the premenstrual phase of the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women experienced clearly higher stress and blood pressure during the premenstrual phase compared to after their period. Heart rate also increased more during physical challenges during the premenstrual phase. Cohort study, 2019 How do exercise, diet and weight affect menstrual problems? Lack of exercise and poor diet are linked to more menstrual symptoms, and higher weight is linked to both PMS and period pain. The evidence is moderate but cannot prove these cause the symptoms. Survey study, 2019 What menstrual problems do international students develop when they move to China? Almost half of the international students reported menstrual pattern changes after arriving. Premenstrual symptoms were the most common problem, affecting about one in three students. High stress levels were linked to menstrual changes and period pain. Cohort study, 2019 Does having PTSD or past trauma raise the risk of developing PMS later? Yes. Women with trauma exposure or PTSD symptoms were more likely to develop PMS over time, and the more PTSD symptoms a woman had, the higher her risk. Survey study, 2019 How common are PMS and PMDD in adolescent girls, and how much do they affect daily life? 19.3% of girls aged 8-23 had moderate to severe PMS and 4.6% had PMDD. Nearly 1 in 4 girls missed school because of symptoms, showing PMS significantly disrupts their education. Older age, painful periods, heavy periods, high stress, and having a mother with PMS all increased risk. Survey study, 2019 How common is PMDD in teenage girls? Nearly 5% of teenage girls surveyed had PMDD. Girls with PMDD also had higher levels of stress, depression, and anxiety. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Are stress and personality traits linked to PMS and PMDD? Yes. Women with high stress or high neuroticism (a tendency toward worry and negative feelings) were 5 to 8 times more likely to have PMS or PMDD. This is fairly reliable because it compared women with the condition to similar women without it. Case-control study, 2019 Do women with PMDD respond differently to stress? Yes, women with PMDD reported higher daily stress and negative mood in response to stressors in the late luteal phase, and showed different stress hormone patterns. The observation period was short, so results need confirmation. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Does Benson's relaxation technique reduce oxidative stress and PMS symptoms? Yes. Women who used Benson's relaxation technique showed a clear change in oxidative stress markers compared to those who did not. This may help reduce both physical and mental PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2018 Does a phosphatidylserine and phosphatidic acid supplement reduce PMS symptoms? Yes, women taking this supplement had significantly better improvement in PMS symptoms compared to placebo, including improvements in physical and depressive symptoms. The study was small but well-designed. Survey study, 2018 Does aerobic exercise reduce stress and premenstrual symptoms during the luteal phase? Yes. Women who did aerobic exercise had lower stress levels and fewer menstrual symptoms than women who did not exercise. Study, 2018 Does job stress affect how much PMS women experience? Women who reported more job stress also reported more PMS symptoms. Painful periods, heavy menstrual bleeding, and job stress were all connected to worse PMS. Study, 2018 Do diet, isoflavone intake, and stress level affect premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Isoflavone and nutrients in the diet were not clearly linked to PMS in this study. Stress level was related to PMS. Controlling stress may help prevent severe symptoms. Survey study, 2018 What causes irregular periods? About 14.3% of Korean women aged 19-40 have irregular periods. Stress and depressive mood are the main causes, not medical conditions. Stress is the strongest factor. Survey study, 2018 How many university students have menstrual problems, and is stress related to them? 91% of the students studied had some kind of menstrual problem. Stress was clearly linked to worse menstrual problems, including pain, absent periods, and premenstrual symptoms. This is a large study but cannot prove stress causes the problems. Case-control study, 2018 Are women with PMS more stressed and do they have different personality types? Yes. Women with PMS were significantly more likely to have melancholic and choleric temperament types and had higher stress and neuroticism scores than women without PMS. Survey study, 2018 Do exercise, nutrition, or stress affect how severe PMS symptoms are? Stress matters. Women with higher perceived stress had more severe PMS symptoms. Exercise intensity and nutrition did not significantly predict PMS severity. Study, 2018 Does a relaxation exercise help reduce physical stress responses in women with PMS? Yes, women who did 61-point relaxation exercises showed clear reductions in blood pressure, heart rate, and muscle tension, with increased skin temperature. These changes appeared after three menstrual cycles of practice. Randomised trial, 2017 Does the menstrual cycle affect cortisol levels or cigarette craving during smoking abstinence? The menstrual cycle did not affect cortisol levels during early smoking abstinence. However, cigarette craving behaved differently in different phases. It increased early in the follicular phase but decreased during the luteal phase. Survey study, 2017 How common is PMDD among Arab women and what factors predict it? About 18.6% of women in the UAE met PMDD criteria. Women with higher education, stressful life events, personal or family mental health problems, and painful periods were more likely to have PMDD. Case-control study, 2017 What cellular changes might explain why some women develop PMDD? Researchers found that women with PMDD have abnormal differences in genes related to a protein complex called ESC/E(Z), which helps cells respond to hormones. This could explain why women develop PMDD even when their hormone levels are normal. Cohort study, 2017 How does stress relate to premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Perceived stress and stress from adjusting to a new culture were the strongest links to symptom severity in Korean international students. In Korean domestic students, a history of sexual abuse was the strongest link. Case-control study, 2017 Do women with PMS respond to stress and emotions differently than other women? Yes. Women with PMS had higher negative emotions, lower positive emotions, and stronger physical stress responses than women without PMS. These differences persisted across both menstrual phases, suggesting they are not tied to cycle timing alone. Survey study, 2017 Are mental health problems linked to irregular periods in teenage girls? Yes. Girls with high stress are 1.88 times more likely to have irregular periods, those with depression are 2.01 times more likely, and those receiving counseling are 2.92 times more likely. Study, 2017 Does menstrual cycle phase affect how the brain responds to rewards when a woman is under stress? Yes, in complex ways. Cycle phase affects brain sensitivity to feedback and rewards, and stress also changes reward processing. The effects depend on both the phase and the presence of stress. Cohort study, 2016 Does stress affect premenstrual symptoms in students? Yes, stress is connected to premenstrual symptoms. In international students, depression explained part of this connection. In domestic students, having social support protected against stress affecting symptoms. Randomised trial, 2016 Does foot reflexology with relaxation training reduce premenstrual symptoms in young women? Yes, adding foot reflexology to relaxation training significantly reduced PMS symptoms more than relaxation training alone. Cohort study, 2016 Does a history of abuse affect how sensitive women with PMDD are to hormonal changes? Yes. Women with PMDD who experienced physical or sexual abuse show stronger links between cyclical hormone changes and mood symptoms. This suggests trauma may increase vulnerability to hormone effects. Review, 2016 How do stress and premenstrual symptoms relate to each other? A review of 48 studies found complex relationships between stress and premenstrual symptoms. However, larger and more rigorous prospective studies are needed to draw firm conclusions. Survey study, 2015 Does childhood stress cause menstrual cycle problems and lower fertility? Women who experienced more childhood adversity had increased risk of fertility problems and missing periods. For each additional adverse experience, fertility risk rose 9% and missing periods 7%. Survey study, 2015 Does estradiol level affect how women respond to stress? Yes, women with high estradiol levels showed smaller stress responses in the brain and reported less emotional distress when exposed to a stressful task, compared to women with low estradiol levels. Randomised trial, 2015 Does menstrual cycle change stress effects on cortisol and memory? Yes. When hormones are low (follicular), stress triggers strong cortisol responses that impair emotional memory, but when hormones are high (luteal), stress does not produce this cortisol response. Case-control study, 2015 Does the menstrual cycle affect psychological symptoms differently in women with PTSD? Psychological symptoms including depression and anxiety were worse during the early follicular phase compared to the midluteal phase. Women with PTSD showed worse phobic anxiety in the early follicular phase, while women without PTSD did not show this pattern. Study, 2015 How do women with PMS respond to stress compared to women without PMS? Women with PMS show a weaker stress response in their body than women without PMS, measured by cortisol (a stress hormone). This difference was consistent regardless of where they were in their menstrual cycle. Randomised trial, 2015 Does menstrual cycle phase change how the body responds to stress when sleep-deprived? Sleep deprivation affected the heart and blood pressure similarly in both menstrual cycle phases. However, resting blood pressure was slightly lower during the luteal phase. Cohort study, 2015 Is sleep quality worse before your period? Yes, but the difference is small. Women reported sleep quality 1.32 points worse on a 1-100 scale before their period, but this gap disappeared when stress was included in the analysis. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does the menstrual cycle phase change how one night of poor sleep affects the stress hormone cortisol? Yes, one night of sleep restriction raised cortisol responses in women in the follicular phase, but not in women in the luteal phase, so cycle timing seems to matter. Survey study, 2014 Does how women's body responds to stress change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women showed stronger heart and blood vessel responses to stress in the luteal phase compared to other times. Adrenaline levels were also higher in the late follicular and luteal phases, and these hormone changes appeared to drive the physical responses. Case-control study, 2014 Does past abuse affect pain sensitivity differently in women with menstrual mood disorders? Yes. Women with menstrual mood disorders who experienced abuse showed greater pain sensitivity and lower stress hormone levels, suggesting abuse affects this group differently. Survey study, 2014 How many Jordanian women have PMS or PMDD, what symptoms are worst, and how do they manage them? About 80% have PMS and 10% have PMDD. The worst symptoms are belly cramps, lower back pain, and chest pain. Women most often use pain medicine, hot drinks, warm clothes, or lie down. Case-control study, 2014 Is internet addiction linked to PMDD? Women with PMDD are more likely to have internet use disorder with greater severity. Stress and impulsivity appear to be important connections between the two. Survey study, 2013 Does stress before learning affect memory differently based on sex and menstrual cycle phase? Yes. Without stress, women remembered more words than men, but when exposed to stress, men's performance improved to match women's. In the luteal phase, higher stress hormones were linked to worse memory. Case-control study, 2013 Are stress hormones different in women with PMDD? Overall stress hormone patterns are similar in PMDD and healthy women, but those with high allopregnanolone (a progesterone derivative) show blunted nighttime cortisol levels. Randomised trial, 2013 Does yoga reduce PMS symptoms and physical stress markers? Yes. Women who did yoga for 3 months had significantly lower heart rate, blood pressure, anger, depression, and anxiety, and higher sense of wellbeing compared to controls. Lab study, 2013 Does brain structure change during your menstrual cycle and affect stress response? Yes. The amygdala grows larger during the premenstrual phase, and the amount of growth is linked to increased stress sensitivity and negative mood during that phase. Cohort study, 2013 Is premenstrual mood change common, or do other factors matter more? Only about half of mood measures showed any menstrual cycle connection. Physical health, stress, and social support were far stronger predictors of daily mood than the menstrual cycle phase. Randomised trial, 2012 Is the stress hormone system different in women with premenstrual dysphoria? The stress hormone system (HPA axis) functions normally in women with PMD, just like in women without it. This suggests PMD may have a different biological cause than depression. Progesterone increased stress hormones more than estradiol. Study, 2012 Does stress affect your body differently during your luteal phase? Yes, women show greater heart rate and blood pressure increases to stress during their luteal phase compared to their follicular phase. Sleep and negative mood together affect how much anxiety stress causes during the luteal phase. Study, 2010 What happens to your nervous system during PMS? During PMS, your heart rate and blood pressure increase more than after your period, and your body reacts more strongly to cold. This happens because your nervous system becomes more active during the premenstrual phase. Review, 2010 Can neurosteroids help with anxiety and brain disorders? The review suggests neurosteroids might help with anxiety, epilepsy, and depression, but clinical evidence is limited. Cohort study, 2010 Does stress before your period make menstrual symptoms worse? Yes. Women with high stress in the month before their period had much worse menstrual symptoms, including both mood and physical symptoms. Randomised trial, 2010 Does psychopathic personality affect how women's cortisol responds to stress? Women with psychopathic personality traits showed lower stress-induced cortisol at 20 minutes after a performance task compared to controls. However, this study is not specifically about PMS, so it's unclear how directly it applies to women with PMS. Study, 2010 Does how the body responds to stress change during the menstrual cycle? Partly. Stress response is slightly different in follicular and luteal phases, and the type of stress matters. Anxiety response to mental stress was higher in the follicular phase. Non-randomised trial, 2009 How do sex hormones, menstrual cycle phase, and birth control pills affect adolescent stress responses? Oral contraceptive users had an unusual response to stress with cortisol that decreased during stress, while non-pill users had increases in cortisol similar to adults. Menstrual cycle phase did not affect stress responses. Survey study, 2009 What factors are linked to more severe premenstrual syndrome in adolescents? Stress, earlier age of first period, and higher physical activity are each independently linked to worse PMS symptoms. This is moderate confidence from one high school study. Case-control study, 2009 How common is irritable bowel syndrome in Korean teenage girls and what causes it? One in four Korean teenage girls has IBS. Stress, anxiety, and depression were strongly linked to IBS, with depression showing the strongest connection. Study, 2008 Do women who are naturally anxious show bigger stress responses during certain parts of their menstrual cycle? Yes. Women who are naturally anxious showed the biggest stress response (more cortisol and higher blood pressure) during the early part of their menstrual cycle, but non-anxious women did not show this pattern. Cohort study, 2008 Do headaches, irritability, and mood swings get worse or better during the transition to menopause? Surprisingly, these symptoms improve. Headaches decrease, and irritability and mood swings decline as women approach menopause, though these improvements are linked to hormone shifts and especially to a woman's PMS history and current stress. Survey study, 2008 How do eating, sleep, and sexual activity change across the menstrual cycle? Women ate more and slept worse during their luteal and premenstrual phases. Women who were sexually active had lower stress hormones than those who abstained. Study, 2008 What triggers migraine headaches in people? Emotional stress (64%), sleep problems (81%), and the premenstrual period (53% reported hormonal triggers) are major migraine triggers. Many people also reported dietary triggers and smells as causes. Cohort study, 2007 Do women with PMDD who experienced abuse have different stress responses? Yes. Women with a history of abuse showed unusual stress responses including lower stress hormones and higher heart rates, regardless of PMDD status. Women with PMDD and abuse history also showed higher blood pressure during stress. Cohort study, 2007 Does stress affect menstrual regularity? Yes. Women with histories of trauma or parental substance abuse were more likely to have irregular periods or missed periods. Cohort study, 2006 Does having depression in the past affect stress hormone responses in women with PMDD? Yes. Women with a history of depression showed reduced stress hormone responses, and this was linked to more severe premenstrual symptoms specifically in women with PMDD and depression history. Review, 2006 Does stress affect your menstrual cycle? Yes. Stress impairs ovarian function through hormonal pathways. Effects are mediated by metabolic changes and can continue beyond the month in which stress occurs. Randomised trial, 2005 Does stress hormone affect women's memory differently depending on menstrual cycle or birth control use? Cortisol impaired memory in naturally cycling women but not in women on oral contraceptives, suggesting birth control pills may protect the brain from stress hormone effects on memory. Cohort study, 2005 How do work stress and hormones affect mood during the menstrual cycle? Both menstrual cycle phase and stress hormones (norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol) affect mood. High stress hormone levels linked to more stress and tiredness and less happiness. The menstrual cycle phase also mattered but effects depended on stress hormone levels. Randomised trial, 2005 Does a low dose of alcohol change allopregnanolone, a brain chemical linked to PMDD? During the late cycle phase, a small dose of intravenous alcohol decreased allopregnanolone levels in both women with severe PMS and control women, but this did not happen during the early cycle phase. This is moderate evidence, but the study is small and used an unnatural way of giving alcohol. Case-control study, 2005 Do women with depression have different growth hormone patterns than healthy women across the menstrual cycle? There was no difference in average growth hormone levels between depressed and healthy women. However, growth hormone levels were higher during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle in both groups. Cohort study, 2004 Does stress affect the menstrual cycle? Over 2 years, women whose stress increased significantly had shorter cycles and shorter bleeds, while women with stable stress had longer cycles. A one-year snapshot showed no link. Randomised trial, 2004 Does the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle affect mood and brain function? Yes. In the luteal phase, women showed slower word-finding, lower mood scores, and changes in stress hormone levels, though reaction times were faster. Non-randomised trial, 2004 Are reproductive hormones abnormal in chronic fatigue syndrome? Reproductive hormones FSH, LH, estradiol, and progesterone were normal in women with chronic fatigue syndrome. However, cortisol (the stress hormone) was significantly lower than in healthy women. Study, 2004 How do work and time off affect women's moods during different phases of their menstrual cycle? Work days made women feel more anxious, stressed, and tired compared to days off. Menstrual cycle phase also affected mood, but the effect depended on whether it was a work or off day and on the woman's personality traits. Cohort study, 2004 What risk factors cause PMDD to develop? Traumatic events, anxiety disorders, and high daily stress significantly increase the risk of developing PMDD. Women who already had subthreshold PMDD at the start were at highest risk. Study, 2004 Do women with worse PMS have more stress and lower quality of life? Yes. Women with high PMS had clearly more stress and lower quality of life compared to women with low PMS. Exercise did not make a clear difference overall in either group. Study, 2003 Does the stress response system work differently in women with PMS across the menstrual cycle? Women with PMS failed to show the normal increased stress hormone response during the luteal phase that women without PMS show. Progesterone, not estrogen, appears to control this stress response. Cohort study, 2003 Is PTSD really connected to PMDD, or is it just coincidence? The connection appears real. Women with PTSD had 11.7 times higher odds of PMDD, and most with both conditions reported childhood abuse or other trauma before PMDD started. Survey study, 2001 What behaviors and factors are linked to breast pain during the menstrual cycle? Smoking, caffeine consumption, and stress are each associated with more breast pain. Birth control pills are associated with less breast pain and PMS. Randomised trial, 2000 Do cortisol rhythms differ between PMDD and normal women across the menstrual cycle and sleep deprivation? The timing of when cortisol is released differs between women with PMDD and normal women, both across the menstrual cycle and in response to late sleep deprivation. The amount of cortisol does not differ. Review, 2000 What conditions beyond depression can antidepressants treat? Newer antidepressants including SSRIs have FDA approval for several conditions including anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and panic disorder. Controlled studies also show they help premenstrual dysphoric disorder. Survey study, 2000 How common are mental health conditions in women seeing gynecology doctors? One in five women visiting a gynecology clinic have a current mental health condition. A screening questionnaire helps doctors identify these conditions, but it rarely leads to actual treatment. Survey study, 1999 What lifestyle and personal factors are linked to PMS? Stress and alcohol use are strongly linked to PMS. Younger women and those with longer periods are more likely to have PMS. Women with PMS were more likely to exercise regularly. Review, 1999 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical disorder? Yes, according to expert consensus. PMDD has distinct characteristics, clear symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and responds differently to treatment than other mood disorders. Randomised trial, 1999 Does melatonin help reduce stress symptoms during simulated time zone travel? Melatonin appeared to reduce stress more than placebo during simulated time zone travel, based on mood questionnaires. However, this was a small study with unclear sample size using simulated rather than real travel, limiting confidence in the findings. Study, 1998 How do stress and stress chemicals relate to premenstrual symptoms? Stress and stress-related chemicals in the body are linked to premenstrual mood and fluid retention symptoms, but the relationships differ depending on whether a woman has PMS or premenstrual magnification. Survey study, 1998 Does a history of premenstrual problems predict worse symptoms during menopause? Yes. Women who had premenstrual problems experienced more physical and psychological symptoms during the menopause transition. Case-control study, 1997 Do women with PMS perceive and handle stress differently at different times of their cycle? Yes. Women with PMS perceive more stressors and find them more stressful during the premenstrual phase than women without PMS. They also cope with stress differently during this phase. Case-control study, 1997 Do women over 40 with PMS experience more stress than women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS had more negative life events, more difficulty with anger, and more concerns about self-control than women without PMS. They also showed higher physical stress responses. Survey study, 1996 What symptoms do women experience before their period, and do they stay the same over time? Women experience five main types of symptoms in the week before their period: mood symptoms, hot flashes, body aches, muscle and nerve symptoms, and sleep problems. Mood symptoms are most consistent over time. Survey study, 1995 Does depression, stress, or unhappy relationships cause food cravings during the menstrual cycle? Depression is very strongly linked to food cravings in all cycle phases. Stress and relationship unhappiness have little or no effect once depression is accounted for. Food cravings without depression still show a cycle pattern, peaking premenstrually. Study, 1995 Does exercise reduce how much stress affects women before their period? It is unclear. Exercise reduced how much heart rate increased in response to stress, but mood changes in response to stress were actually greater in exercising women. The menstrual cycle did not affect how much stress changed performance. Review, 1994 Which hormones change across the menstrual cycle? Body temperature and adrenaline-related chemicals change predictably. Prolactin and serotonin may change around ovulation. Thyroid hormones and cortisol appear stable. Study, 1994 Do women's heart and cardiovascular responses to stress change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women's heart rate responses to stress were consistently stronger than men's during both cycle phases, and some heart responses in women changed between follicular and luteal phases. Randomised trial, 1994 How does light therapy affect hormone levels in women with PMDD? Light therapy shifted hormone timing in women with PMDD in different ways depending on the time of day. Women with PMDD had naturally higher prolactin levels throughout their cycle compared to women without PMDD. Case-control study, 1994 Do women with PMS respond to stress differently than other women? Yes. Women with premenstrual dysphoria rate daily stressors as more stressful and seek social support more often than other women, especially before their period. Case-control study, 1992 Do women with PMS report more stress arousal than women without PMS during their cycle? Yes. Women who self-diagnosed with PMS reported significantly greater increases in arousal during the premenstrual phase compared to women without PMS, though there were no differences in actual task performance. Cohort study, 1992 Do women with premenstrual syndrome experience their family and work environments differently? Yes. Women with PMS reported more conflict in their families and more stress at work, including less autonomy and variety, though psychological distress was not related to these environmental stressors. Study, 1992 Is low serotonin the cause of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder? This study found no clear differences in serotonin function between women with LLPDD and those without it. The findings do not support the idea that serotonin is the cause of LLPDD. Cohort study, 1991 What causes postpartum blues (mood changes in the week after giving birth)? A woman's depression history, ability to adjust socially, stressful life events, and estrogen levels after birth all predicted postpartum blues. This suggests postpartum blues is linked to mood disorders, not just hormone changes. Study, 1990 Does a woman's alcohol consumption change during her menstrual cycle when she has premenstrual symptoms? No. While physical distress increased during the premenstrual and menstrual phases, alcohol consumption did not change with the cycle. Social factors such as spending time with others and the day of the week influenced drinking instead. Review, 1990 How do hormones affect brain chemicals that control mood? Sex hormones change how the brain's serotonin system works across the menstrual cycle. Stopping ovulation with danazol eliminated premenstrual mood changes in studied women, showing a hormone-mood connection. Study, 1990 Do women with a history of sexual trauma have more severe PMS than other women? Yes. Women who reported sexual trauma had significantly more severe PMS and different PMS symptoms compared to women without that history. Survey study, 1990 Does stress make PMS symptoms worse? No. Stress accounted for only 6 to 10 percent of symptom changes. Individual women showed no link between how stressed they felt and how severe their PMS was. Survey study, 1989 Is depression that occurs premenstrually different from clinical depression? Yes. Women with PMS experience depressive mood changes premenstrually, but their depression scores are about a third lower than women with clinical depression, and their hormone patterns are also different, showing these are distinct conditions. Study, 1985 Do stress responses and mood change across the menstrual cycle? Yes. Women's stress response is strongest in the second half of the cycle. Negative mood is more common in the second half and during menstruation. Survey study, 1985 Do stress and how you were raised affect premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Stress and traditional upbringing both influence premenstrual symptoms, especially mood changes. Mood changes appear to be the most important cause of premenstrual disability. Study, 1976 Do mood and body changes happen at the same time in the menstrual cycle? Women experience more pain and water retention during their period and just before it, but their mood problems and stress responses are more strongly tied to what's happening in their lives than to their cycle. Men have more stable emotions and less pain throughout. Cohort study, 2026 Is there a link between excessive anxiety and mood changes during the menstrual cycle? Among female medical students during COVID, those who had a tendency to focus excessively on small details had more depression, sleep problems, and some perceived menstrual changes. However, this was just an observation, not proof of cause and effect. Review, 2026 Can yoga and mind-based meditation help with PMS? Yoga and Mind Sound Resonance Technique show promise as non-drug treatments for PMS. They appear to work by reducing stress hormones and improving emotional control. Survey study, 2026 Is PMDD linked to sleep problems, diet, and academic stress in female medical students? This study found a clear association between PMDD and poor sleep, and between PMDD and academic burnout in female medical students. However, there was no clear relationship between PMDD and diet. Cohort study, 2026 Does brain structure differ between women with PMDD and healthy controls? Cannot be answered. The provided abstract contains only background information and cuts off mid-sentence, with no results presented from this study. Survey study, 2026 Does climate change stress and anxiety increase premenstrual syndrome symptoms in nursing students? Nursing students who felt stressed and anxious about climate change were more likely to have premenstrual symptoms. The eco-anxiety appeared to play a connecting role. Survey study, 2026 Does an herbal complex help women with menstrual cycle problems? After 3 months, prolactin levels decreased and progesterone levels increased. No side effects were reported, but the small size and lack of a control group make it unclear if the herb caused these changes. Survey study, 2026 Do caffeine, sugar, stress, and nutritional awareness affect PMS? High caffeine and sugar intake and stress are linked to worse PMS, while better nutritional awareness is linked to milder PMS. However, because people reported their own habits and symptoms, we cannot prove these factors cause PMS. Survey study, 2026 What factors are linked to PMS in teenagers? Several factors are linked to PMS in teenagers: knowledge about PMS, nutritional status, age of first period, daily behaviors, and stress level. Survey study, 2026 Does a traditional Chinese herb help PMS? In rats with PMS-like symptoms, Honghua Xiaoyao tablets improved mood-related behaviors and normalized stress hormones. But this is rat research, not human studies, so it cannot tell us if the herb helps real women with PMS. Survey study, 2026 Is stress related to PMS symptoms? Yes, higher stress levels were clearly related to PMS symptoms in the students studied. This suggests stress may worsen PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2026 How common are PMS symptoms in women, and do lifestyle factors like exercise and stress affect them? Most women with PMS don't exercise and report stress (82% emotional symptoms, 76% fatigue), suggesting lifestyle matters. But the survey had no control group, so we can't prove lifestyle changes reduce PMS. Review, 2026 Do men experience premenstrual syndrome? No. Men do not experience PMS in the strict sense because PMS is defined in relation to the menstrual cycle, which men do not have. However, men may experience recurrent mood, energy, and behavior changes from different biological and social causes. Survey study, 2026 Are female nurses with higher occupational stress more likely to have premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Nurses with high workplace stress and overload had significantly more PMS symptoms than nurses with low stress. Survey study, 2026 Which lifestyle habits are linked to PMS in teenage girls? Poor sleep and high stress predict PMS, with stress being strongest (AOR=6.468); exercise was not linked. However, this was a small study in one school in Indonesia, so findings may not generalize. Case report, 2026 Does eating a special rice porridge diet help PMS symptoms? Yes, in one young woman. After eating rice porridge with milk and ghee during the first three days of her period for three cycles, her pain, mood symptoms, and digestive problems all improved. Cohort study, 2026 Does estradiol level affect mood and how we relate to others during the menstrual cycle? Yes. Higher estradiol in the late follicular phase improved mood and self-esteem, while lower estradiol in the early follicular phase increased irritability. This small study of 23 women provides initial evidence, but more research is needed. Non-randomised trial, 2026 Are the most bothersome premenstrual symptoms physical or emotional? Emotional symptoms like stress, anxiety, and depression are reported at much higher levels than physical symptoms. Married women experience significantly more emotional distress than unmarried women. Study, 2026 How do brain chemicals relate to PMDD and what treatments can help? PMDD affects 3% to 8% of menstruating people and involves a brain chemical imbalance. Several treatments work, including antidepressants, new specific medications, birth control pills, and some herbal remedies. Survey study, 2026 Do premenstrual symptoms affect athletic performance? Yes, women with premenstrual symptoms showed higher stress and anxiety, and athletic performance was best during ovulation. However, this is a small feasibility study with only 18 women who had actual performance testing. Study, 2026 How can lifestyle changes help reduce premenstrual syndrome? Most women (75%) experience some premenstrual symptoms, but about 10% have severe symptoms. Exercise, diet changes, sleep, and stress reduction can help manage PMS. Survey study, 2026 What factors are linked to PMS in women aged 15-49? PMS was found in 68.4% of women. Younger age, sedentary lifestyle, junk food, high stress, irregular periods, and period pain were strongly linked to PMS. Lifestyle and stress play a major role. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS and PMDD in Pakistan and how do they relate to mental health? PMS was found in 36.2% and PMDD in 8.5%. Both were linked to higher stress and depression, and worse quality of life. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS among medical students and how does it relate to productivity? 75.2% had PMS. Those with PMS reported much less productivity (73.4% versus 14.5% without), more stress, and used more pain medication. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in female university students in Lebanon and what factors increase the risk? Nearly half (46.8%) had moderate-to-severe PMS and 16.5% had PMDD. Smoking, heavy periods, skipping meals, fast food, social media, and high stress were significantly associated with increased risk. Most women used NSAIDs, but less than half found them very effective. Survey study, 2026 Are poor sleep and high stress linked to worse PMS symptoms in students? Yes, students with poorer sleep and higher stress tended to report more severe PMS symptoms, but this survey cannot prove that stress or poor sleep actually cause PMS. Survey study, 2026 Does eating foods that cause inflammation link to worse food cravings and mood problems in women with PMS? The study found that eating more fat and saturated fat linked to more food cravings. The abstract cuts off before showing complete results about mood and inflammation. Survey study, 2026 Does eating more antioxidant-rich foods help prevent or reduce PMS? Yes. Women eating the most antioxidant-rich foods had 64% lower odds of PMS than those eating the least, with the biggest improvements in anxiety, exhaustion, irritability, depression and muscle/joint pain. Survey study, 2026 Do mindfulness, self-compassion and sense of coherence protect against severe PMS and PMDD? Possibly yes. These psychological factors appeared to reduce the impact of stress and trauma on PMS and PMDD symptoms. Survey study, 2026 Is there a link between PMS symptom severity and daily stress hormone levels? Women who reported worse PMS symptoms had lower cortisol (stress hormone) levels during the day. Cortisol patterns varied slightly across cycle phases, suggesting stress hormones may play a role in PMS, though this was a very small study. Survey study, 2026 Do trauma and stress worsen PMS symptoms, and does how you think about events matter? Yes. Trauma and stress are strongly linked to worse PMS. The connection may work partly through how women interpret events and how much anger they feel. Study, 2026 Could early stress or past trauma make PMDD symptoms worse later in the cycle? This research offers a possible explanation for why PMDD symptoms vary so much, and why related conditions can worsen before a period. It is only a theory, not tested on patients, so we don't yet know if it is true. Survey study, 2026 How do pre-menstrual symptoms affect the work and social life of young women? Pre-menstrual symptoms affect 51.3% of women aged 15-35 with mild-to-moderate PMS and 7.5% with PMDD, significantly disrupting work and social activities. The severity of symptoms directly predicts how much they interfere with daily life. Randomised trial, 2026 Can the herb ashwagandha help with PMS symptoms? It might help with things like fatigue, anxiety and stress, but this is just a review of existing evidence, not a new study, and most of the evidence is from lab or animal research rather than women with PMS. Survey study, 2025 Does academic stress and delaying sleep affect PMS symptoms? Academic stress and bedtime procrastination (delaying going to sleep) were both clearly related to PMS symptoms in nursing students. Study, 2025 Does your personality type affect how much emotional PMS symptoms you have? Yes. Your temperament or personality type is a strong predictor of emotional PMS symptoms like irritability and mood swings. Survey study, 2025 Is school bullying linked to premenstrual disorders in adolescent girls? Yes, bullied girls were 3.15 times more likely to have premenstrual disorders. Social and verbal bullying had the strongest links. Review, 2025 How is the brain's emotion center involved in PMS and PMDD? The amygdala, which controls emotional responses, shows abnormalities in women with PMDD and severe PMS. Understanding these changes may help develop better treatments. Survey study, 2025 What is the prevalence of PMS among medical students in India, and what factors are linked to it? One in five medical students in this study had moderate-to-severe PMS. Lack of regular exercise and family history were linked to worse PMS. Cohort study, 2025 How do stress, anxiety, and depression relate to premenstrual symptoms? Stress was associated with most premenstrual symptoms, but anxiety and depression were not independently linked to premenstrual symptoms. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Does an educational video help teenagers with PMS knowledge and anxiety? Yes. The study found the video was effective at increasing knowledge and improving behavior and reducing anxiety in teenagers with PMS (p = 0.0001). However, there was no control group so we cannot be certain the video caused the changes. Case-control study, 2025 Does cortisol change differently across the menstrual cycle in women with and without PMS? Both women with and without PMS showed cortisol changes across the menstrual cycle phases. There were no significant differences in cortisol levels between women with PMS and without PMS, or between before and after exercise. Interview study, 2025 What factors influence PMS and how do college women cope with it? The abstract provided does not contain results or findings, so the answer cannot be determined. Survey study, 2025 What factors are linked to PMS in female graduate students? 40% experienced PMS. Stress, period pain, use of menstrual delaying medicine, and earlier menarche were significantly linked to higher PMS risk. Survey study, 2025 What biological and cultural factors influence PMS and PMDD across different countries? PMS and PMDD result from a combination of hormone changes, serotonin sensitivity, stress, poor diet, lack of physical activity, sleep problems, and cultural stigma around menstruation. Countries with stronger public health systems had better diagnosis and support. Survey study, 2025 What is the link between stress hormones, psychological distress, and resilience in women with PMDD and PMS? Women with PMDD have higher stress and anxiety than others. In the PMDD group, women with stronger resilience had lower levels of cortisol, the stress hormone, in their hair. Survey study, 2025 How does premenstrual syndrome change in women during wartime compared to peacetime? During wartime, women with PMS had much worse symptoms: 2.1 times more anxiety and sleep problems, plus greater loss of emotional control and lower working capacity. The study is limited to one war region. Non-randomised trial, 2025 Are premenstrual syndrome and painful periods related? Yes. Most high school girls in the study had both PMS and painful periods. Girls with PMS were much more likely to also experience painful periods. Survey study, 2025 Does job stress increase menstruation-related symptoms, and does psychological distress play a role? Yes, high job demands and low coworker support were linked to worse menstruation-related symptoms, and psychological distress appeared to be an important factor. This is a cross-sectional study so it cannot prove that stress causes symptoms. Randomised trial, 2025 Can nutrients help PMS by regulating multiple body systems? The paper proposes a theoretical framework suggesting nutrients could work across brain, hormone, blood vessel, and metabolic systems to help PMS. No evidence is presented. This is a conceptual proposal requiring clinical trials. Randomised trial, 2025 Can soy isoflavone supplements help with PMS and PMDD symptoms? This paper describes theoretical mechanisms through which soy isoflavone supplements could help PMS and PMDD by affecting hormones, neurotransmitters, and inflammation. However, it presents only theoretical pathways, not results from actual human trials, so real-world effectiveness remains unknown. Survey study, 2025 Can a stress marker in saliva and stress levels predict PMS in teenage girls? In this small study, both stress and a saliva stress marker (alpha-amylase) were linked to PMS, but together they only predicted PMS with moderate accuracy, so they are not yet reliable PMS tests on their own. Survey study, 2025 Do PMS and menopausal symptoms make loneliness worse when women experience COVID-related stress? Yes, PMS symptoms were associated with greater loneliness in pre-menopausal women with COVID-related stress, particularly through the emotional symptoms of PMS. Survey study, 2025 How do irregular periods affect quality of life? Irregular periods and period pain harm quality of life in medical students. 90.9% had PMS and 91.4% had period pain, with irregular periods clearly affecting their social, psychological, and physical well-being. Survey study, 2025 Does the menstrual cycle affect recovery after football matches? The menstrual cycle has limited effect on how female footballers feel after matches. Perceived recovery may be slightly worse during menstruation, but overall no clear differences were found between cycle phases. Survey study, 2025 Are mental health problems linked to period pain and lack of support? Yes. About 29% of girls experienced anxiety, 14% stress, and 32% depression. Those with moderate or severe period pain or without support during menstruation were more likely to experience these mental health problems. Survey study, 2025 How do health habits relate to PMS symptoms? Better stress management and personal growth (self-actualization) were linked to fewer PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2025 Does PMDD increase the risk of suicidal thoughts or attempts? Yes, women with PMDD had much higher rates of suicidal thoughts (38.8%) and suicide attempts (28.6%), with depression, anxiety, and stress playing key roles in this risk. Survey study, 2025 Is PMS related to stress or self-esteem? No significant relationship was found. The study showed no meaningful connection between PMS and stress, and no meaningful connection between PMS and self-esteem. Survey study, 2025 How common are menstrual problems in medical students and what causes them? Most medical students have menstrual problems. The most common are severe period cramps (76%), PMS (69%), and irregular periods (29%). Stress, poor diet, and lack of exercise are major causes. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS in medical students and how is it linked to lifestyle? Very common - 68.3% had PMS. It was strongly linked to high stress (adjusted odds ratio 58.52), short sleep (11.69), lack of exercise (6.07), and frequent fast food (6.79). Survey study, 2025 Do sleep problems and stress increase PMS symptoms in nursing students? Yes. Students with poor sleep had a 6-fold higher risk of severe PMS, and those with high academic stress had a 29-fold higher risk. Survey study, 2025 How common is PMS in high school girls, and which non-drug methods help reduce anxiety and stress? About 25% of high school girls had PMS. The most common non-drug methods used were yoga (58%), prayer (17.5%), and exercise. Survey study, 2025 Does psychological stress change the menstrual cycle and mood? During the early COVID-19 pandemic when there was high stress, women reported both psychological symptoms and changes to their menstrual cycles. Close to 90% of women with several psychological symptoms also had changes in their menstrual cycles. Survey study, 2025 Does poor sleep make PMS symptoms worse? Yes, in this study women with poorer sleep quality had more severe PMS symptoms, including PMDD, psychological and physical symptoms, and daily dysfunction. Survey study, 2025 Does stress cause PMS in adolescents? Strong link between stress and PMS: only 6.7% of mildly stressed girls had PMS, but 95.9% of severely stressed girls did. Sleep and exercise seemed protective. Cohort study, 2025 Does trait anger explain why trauma and stress lead to premenstrual disorder symptoms? Trait anger appears to be the key factor linking trauma and stress to premenstrual disorder symptoms. Anger affects the actual symptoms themselves, while rumination and sense of control only affect how women perceive the severity of their symptoms. Survey study, 2025 Can stress affect your menstrual cycle? Stress can affect the menstrual cycle in various ways, from making it irregular to stopping periods completely, and can cause serious long-term health problems including bone loss and heart risks. Review, 2025 How do trauma and sensory processing affect PMDD symptoms? Trauma-related changes to the brain heighten sensitivity to sensory input and emotions, which can worsen PMDD symptoms during the luteal phase. Understanding trauma and sensory factors may improve how PMDD is diagnosed and treated. Case-control study, 2025 How does PMS affect how women process emotions under stress? Women with PMS make more mistakes when trying to ignore emotional faces while completing a task. They also tend to focus more on internal body sensations when processing emotions, which may affect how they handle emotional information under stress. Survey study, 2025 Do women with PMS sense their body signals differently from women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS are very good at detecting their own heartbeat but less aware of what those sensations mean. They also take longer to calm down after stressful situations. Survey study, 2025 Do zinc, copper, and magnesium help PMS? These minerals affect mood regulation and appear to work through similar pathways as PMS. However, the review does not provide clear evidence that supplements help PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Can a smartphone app that teaches heart rate control help with premenstrual symptoms? Yes, people using the app for 4 weeks showed clear improvements in premenstrual symptoms, depression, and anxiety, while those who waited did not improve. Survey study, 2024 Are stress, obesity, and lack of exercise related to PMS in teenage girls? Yes. The study found a clear relationship between all three factors and PMS. Girls with stress, obesity, and irregular exercise habits were more likely to have PMS. Survey study, 2024 Does processed food or stress affect PMS symptoms? Higher stress was significantly associated with more severe PMS symptoms. Processed food consumption was not significantly associated with PMS. This was an observational study so we cannot prove stress causes worse PMS. Survey study, 2024 Does menstruation increase anxiety, stress, and depression? Yes, women had significantly higher anxiety, stress, and depression during menstruation compared to non-menstruating days. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS in different groups of women and is it linked to depression, anxiety, and stress? 58.2% had mild PMS, 39.9% moderate, and 8% severe. PMS was most common in medical professionals and housewives, and was strongly correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does cognitive-behavioral or mindfulness stress management help reduce PMS in high school girls? The study compared cognitive-behavioral and mindfulness stress management for PMS in high school girls, but the results section of the abstract was not provided, so the effectiveness is unknown. Survey study, 2024 Is oxidative stress related to premenstrual symptoms in teenage girls? Girls with PMS had higher levels of protective molecules called thiols in their blood. This may mean their bodies are working to fight inflammation, but the meaning is not yet clear. Survey study, 2024 What causes worse PMS in college women? Severe period pain, heavy periods, higher stress, and lower body esteem are linked to worse PMS. These factors together explain about one quarter of PMS severity. Study, 2024 Does menstrual cycle phase affect how exercise changes stress hormones, energy use, or thinking ability? Menstrual cycle phase does not change how exercise affects thinking ability, but it does change how the body uses energy and stress hormones in response to exercise. This is a small study. Survey study, 2024 Can researchers create a better animal model to study premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Researchers developed a rat model combining stress and hormonal changes that produced greater biological changes than hormonal changes alone. Survey study, 2024 How does period pain affect students' academic performance? Period pain significantly harms academic performance. About three quarters of students reported that mood swings during their period made it hard to concentrate, attend classes, take exams, and complete assignments. Survey study, 2024 What factors are related to PMS in adolescent girls? Stress, eating patterns, and exercise are statistically linked to PMS. This shows a relationship but doesn't prove they cause it. Cohort study, 2024 Do women with irregular periods have more depression symptoms? Women with irregular cycles reported more depression symptoms in both studies. However, in the more rigorous analysis with complete data, the result was not statistically significant, so the link is unclear. Survey study, 2024 Does exam stress make PMS worse? Yes, exam stress was strongly linked to worse PMS symptoms in medical students (p = 0.004). Students with moderate to high stress had much worse PMS. Survey study, 2024 Does stress make PMS symptoms worse? Yes, there is a significant relationship between high stress and more severe PMS symptoms. About 84.4% of the young women studied had moderate stress. Survey study, 2024 What types of premenstrual syndrome exist and how common are they? Premenstrual syndrome comes in four types: anxiety-type (38%), swelling-type (26%), depression-type (22%), and cravings-type (11%). We can be fairly confident of this, though the study only included students in one Russian city. Non-randomised trial, 2024 Does luteal phase sertraline treatment affect stress hormones and inflammation in PMDD? Sertraline during the luteal phase changed stress hormone levels in complex ways depending on other hormonal factors, but results were mixed and this exploratory study had no placebo control group. Survey study, 2024 Does the menstrual cycle affect well-being and performance in professional female soccer players? The menstrual cycle phase did not affect how far players ran, how hard they worked, or their overall well-being after matches. Sleep quality was worse after away matches, and losing affected stress and mood for 2 days, regardless of cycle phase. Survey study, 2024 What lifestyle factors affect menstrual problems in female medical students? Weight, stress, physical activity, and pandemic impacts all affected period regularity and symptoms. Nearly all students with severe stress had irregular periods. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMDD among medical students, and is it linked to stress? About one in six health science students had PMDD, and one in four had PMS. Students with PMDD or moderate-to-severe PMS had notably higher stress levels than those without these symptoms. Survey study, 2024 How common is PMS among female medical students and how does it affect their quality of life? About one in three female medical students had PMS, and those with it reported higher stress and lower satisfaction with their studies compared to those without. This is one survey of one university in Saudi Arabia, so we cannot be sure it applies to all medical students. Survey study, 2024 How common are PMS and PMDD in college students, and what factors are linked to them? PMS and PMDD are common in college students. They are strongly linked to high stress, irregular periods, longer menstrual cycles, and demanding schoolwork. Most common symptoms are anger, tiredness, and loss of interest in activities. Survey study, 2024 How are PMS and stress connected, and what is the role of stress dysfunction in PMS? This review proposes that abnormal stress coping and stress reactivity (stress dysfunction) are key factors linking PMS and stress, and that they may share similar brain and hormone pathways. However, this is a theoretical framework, not proven findings from patient studies. Survey study, 2024 Do stress, sleep patterns, and exercise affect premenstrual syndrome? Yes. All three factors were linked to PMS, with sleep patterns being the most important predictor. Survey study, 2024 Is lifestyle and stress linked to PMS in nursing students? Yes. Physical activity, sleep patterns, diet, and stress were all significantly linked to PMS in nursing students. Survey study, 2024 How do hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect gut health and mood? Hormonal changes during the menstrual cycle affect the bacteria in the gut and mood. Higher progesterone levels in the premenstrual phase are linked with worse bloating, constipation, and mood swings. Approximately 50% to 80% of women experience premenstrual symptoms that affect daily life. Survey study, 2024 Does stress affect menstrual symptoms? Yes, but only slightly. Stress accounted for about 6.5% of the difference in symptom levels between women. Survey study, 2024 Is psychological stress linked to menstrual problems? Yes. Higher stress was linked to more dysmenorrhea (period pain), premenstrual syndrome, and heavy bleeding in medical students. The study is associational, so we don't know if stress causes these problems or if they cause stress. Survey study, 2024 Do chemicals that disrupt hormones and social support affect stress in nursing students with PMS? Yes. Social support strongly reduces stress in nursing students with PMS, and avoiding chemicals that disrupt hormones may also help. Survey study, 2024 Is stress linked to premenstrual syndrome? Yes, moderate to high stress was significantly linked to PMS risk. Women with moderate to high stress were 1.79 times more likely to have PMS. Survey study, 2024 Does knowing more about PMS help high school girls manage stress about their symptoms? Yes. There was a statistically significant relationship between knowledge about PMS and stress levels (p = 0.000), with girls having more knowledge reporting lower stress. Survey study, 2024 Does stress affect the menstrual cycle in college students? Yes, there is a significant relationship between stress level and menstrual cycle in this study. However, this is cross-sectional so we cannot be sure stress causes menstrual changes rather than the reverse. Survey study, 2024 Does academic stress cause worse PMS symptoms in teenage girls? Yes, there is a clear relationship. Teenage girls with higher academic stress reported worse PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2024 Is stress linked to premenstrual syndrome? The study found no significant connection between stress levels and PMS in 48 midwifery students. The researchers note that PMS likely has many causes, not just stress. Survey study, 2023 How many women have PMS and what do they know about managing it? 80% of 250 urban women reported PMS symptoms, but only 48% met clinical criteria for diagnosis. Most women did nothing to relieve their symptoms, and over 60% experienced disruption in daily life. Case-control study, 2023 Does allopregnanolone affect how women with PMDD respond to stress? Women with PMDD had a much larger drop in heart rate variability during stress than healthy women, and recovered more slowly. Baseline allopregnanolone levels predicted the heart response only in women with PMDD. Survey study, 2023 Does physical activity reduce premenstrual tension symptoms? Yes, physical activity was significantly associated with less severe premenstrual tension symptoms, particularly pain and concentration problems, though the study was small. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between PMS symptoms and how the nervous system controls heart rate? Possibly. Three women showed medium to high connections between their PMS symptoms and heart rate variability throughout the menstrual cycle, especially for mood symptoms. Survey study, 2023 Are stress and rumination linked to PMS, and does mindfulness help reduce symptoms? Yes on both counts. Higher stress and rumination during the premenstrual phase correlated with more severe PMS symptoms. Women with more mindfulness, particularly present-moment awareness and acceptance, had lower symptoms and less impairment. Survey study, 2023 Did COVID-19 lockdown change menstrual cycle length and sleep? Yes, lockdown was linked to changes in menstrual cycle length for most women, and these changes reversed when lockdown ended. Sleep duration increased during lockdown but was not linked to menstrual cycle changes. Survey study, 2023 Does childhood trauma make premenstrual symptoms worse in women with PMDD? Yes, women with PMDD who experienced childhood adversity had stronger mood worsening during the premenstrual phase compared to those without. However, this was a small study with no control group, so we need more research to confirm the findings. Survey study, 2023 Do women with PMS have slower reaction times and mood changes than others? Women with PMS had slower reaction times and higher anxiety, depression, and stress levels. As PMS severity increased, these effects worsened. Survey study, 2023 Did COVID-19 stress affect menstrual cycles and mental health? Yes, during the pandemic women had longer cycles, more heavy bleeding days, and more mental health problems like depression and anxiety. The proportion of women with heavy bleeding more than doubled. Randomised trial, 2023 Does chronic stress make progesterone withdrawal anxiety worse in a rat model of PMDD? In stress-prone rats, yes. Chronic stress made anxiety from progesterone withdrawal more severe and changed how the brain's stress system responded. However, this is an animal study, so we cannot be certain the same happens in humans. Survey study, 2023 Does meditation reduce stress markers in women with PMS? Yes. Four weeks of daily meditation significantly reduced blood pressure, heart rate, and stress hormone levels in women with PMS. Study, 2023 How do stress and menstrual cycle phase affect memory and brain activity? Stress reduced memory performance in all cycle phases. Memory was somewhat better protected in the late follicular phase than in the early follicular and luteal phases. Randomised trial, 2023 Does matching your running training to your menstrual cycle phase improve performance, recovery and wellbeing? This pilot study was designed to test that question, but the text available here stops before the results section, so no answer can be given yet. Survey study, 2023 What factors make PMS more likely during a pandemic? High stress level is clearly linked to PMS. Poor diet may also increase PMS risk when stress is considered. Survey study, 2023 What factors affect whether high school students get PMS? 7.6% of students had PMS in this study. Knowledge, behavior, age at first period, and stress level all showed clear relationships with PMS. Survey study, 2023 Is there a link between stress and PMS in women in prison? There is a moderate correlation between stress and PMS, but it was not statistically significant. No relationship was found between stress and quality of life. Survey study, 2023 Is stress linked to premenstrual syndrome? Yes, there was a clear link between stress and PMS. Among women with stress, 62.2% had PMS compared to 31.3% of women without stress. Survey study, 2023 What factors most influence PMS severity in college students? Sleep problems and eating attitude problems were the strongest factors linked to worse PMS, along with menstrual pain. Together these explained about one quarter of why some women have worse symptoms. Survey study, 2023 Are exercise, stress, and mental state linked to how bad PMS symptoms are? Yes, this study found that regular exercise, mental state, and stress levels were all significantly related to how severe PMS symptoms were, though it cannot prove that one causes the other. Survey study, 2023 How do eating habits change during the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? During the luteal phase before the period, women eat less healthy food and more high-calorie food. All 50 women reported having at least one PMS symptom during this phase. Case report, 2023 Does acupuncture combined with supplements and meditation help PMS? A 36-year-old woman with long-standing PMS saw major improvement in her symptoms after combining acupuncture treatments with several supplements and daily meditation. However, this is just one case, so we do not know which parts of the treatment helped most. Interview study, 2023 How does water scarcity affect women's mental health and dignity during menstruation? Water scarcity forces women to struggle with managing menstruation with dignity, which creates stress, frustration, and anger that harms their mental health. Women felt humiliated when they could not stay clean during their period. Study, 2023 How does menstruation affect different areas of women's lives? Menstruation affects mental health, education, money, and culture, and the challenges are worse for some women depending on race and economic status. Systematic review, 2023 What nonpharmacological methods help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Aromatherapy, educational programs, health belief models, and acupressure were found effective. However, confidence is low because only four studies met the inclusion criteria. Survey study, 2023 How common are PMS and PMDD in Iranian medical students, and what factors increase risk? 38.6% had PMS and 8% had PMDD. The strongest risk factors were recent stress and being married. Survey study, 2023 How common is PMDD among female medical students, and do they recognize it? 27% of female medical students had PMDD, but only 25.9% of those diagnosed recognized the condition. Overall, just 38% of students had adequate awareness of PMDD. Those with PMDD had lower hemoglobin and higher inflammation markers. Survey study, 2023 Is PMS or PMDD more common in girls who live in dormitories? The study found no difference in PMDD between girls living in dormitories versus at home, but more girls at home experienced PMS. We cannot be sure why since this was a descriptive study without detailed comparisons. Randomised trial, 2023 Does a smartphone app for heart rate variability biofeedback reduce premenstrual and depressive symptoms? Yes, the app reduced premenstrual, depressive, and stress symptoms over 4 weeks. However, it did not change the underlying heart rate patterns it was designed to improve. Survey study, 2023 How do stress and contraceptive use affect different types of PMS? The study found that different types of PMS (labeled A, H, C, and D) occur in different proportions depending on stress level and how long someone uses contraception. The abstract does not provide specific percentages. Survey study, 2023 Did COVID-19 infection and vaccination affect women's menstrual cycles and mental health? Yes, temporarily. 48.2% of women reported menstrual changes after COVID and 58.8% after vaccination, with more period pain and PMS. Mental health worsened with more anxiety and poor sleep. Most changes improved by 6 months. Survey study, 2023 Are stress and physical activity related to PMS? Yes, both seem related. Stress showed a strong relationship to PMS (correlation 0.708) and physical activity also showed a relationship (correlation 0.066), though much weaker. Both were statistically significant. Survey study, 2023 Are academic stress and weight connected with PMS symptoms in teenage girls? In this study of 31 ninth grade girls, both academic stress and body weight were clearly linked to PMS symptoms. Review, 2023 How does the stress response system affect depression during reproductive stages like PMDD? The HPA axis, which controls the stress response, changes during reproductive stages and plays an important role in depression risk at vulnerable times like PMDD, after birth, and perimenopause. Past stress and trauma exposure increase this risk. Survey study, 2023 Is stress from online learning linked to PMS during the pandemic? Yes. Stress and PMS increased together with strong statistical evidence (r = 0.782, p = 0.000). Survey study, 2023 How does PMS affect women's mental health and quality of life? PMS is very common and significantly affects mental and physical health and quality of life in many women. Regular exercise and yoga can reduce how severe the symptoms are. Survey study, 2022 What diet and stress factors are linked to PMS in teenage girls? High calorie foods, herbal teas, and higher stress levels are linked to PMS and PMDD. Getting adequate sleep, eating regular meals, avoiding fast food, and managing stress may help reduce PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Did COVID-19 infection change women's menstrual cycles? More than three-quarters of women reported changes to their menstrual cycles during the COVID-19 pandemic, including changes in cycle length, bleeding duration, or premenstrual symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Is stress linked to irregular menstrual cycles? Yes, there's a clear link. People with high stress were more likely to have irregular cycles, and irregular cycles were strongly associated with high stress levels. Survey study, 2022 Did COVID-19 stress worsen period pain and PMS symptoms in female medical students? Yes. Severe period pain increased from 36.9% before COVID-19 to 49.9% during the pandemic, and period symptoms were closely linked to depression and anxiety. Survey study, 2022 Are actions to reduce exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals associated with severe PMS? Yes, women who took actions to minimize exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals were more likely to have severe PMS. However, this study cannot show whether the actions cause PMS; health-conscious women may simply be more aware of symptoms. Survey study, 2022 What factors are associated with PMS in emergency room nurses? PMS was common in ED nurses at 67.47%. Women with higher occupational stress, higher anxiety, lower education level, younger age, and higher BMI were more likely to have PMS. Survey study, 2022 Does stress increase the risk of PMS in midwifery students? Yes, stress significantly increased PMS in these students (p=0.000). Survey study, 2022 Do stress, exercise, and diet affect PMS in teenagers? No significant link was found between stress, exercise, diet, and PMS in this study of 70 nursing students. However, the study was small and only looked at one moment in time, so we cannot be confident in this result. Survey study, 2022 Does physical activity and stress affect which type of PMS a teenager gets? Yes. Stress was linked to different types of PMS, but physical activity was not. However, the study only looked at one moment in time, so we cannot be sure stress causes different PMS types. Survey study, 2022 Do omega-3, body weight, and stress affect PMS severity? Yes. In this study, omega-3 intake, healthy weight, and lower stress were all linked to milder PMS. However, the study was small and only looked at one moment in time in one region, so we cannot confirm these factors cause the difference. Survey study, 2022 Does COVID-19 infection change women's menstrual cycles? Two-thirds of women's cycles stayed the same after COVID-19 infection, but one-third reported changes including altered bleeding or cycle length. These changes appeared to be temporary. Study, 2022 What causes premenstrual syndrome? PMS involves problems with hormones (estrogen and progesterone) and a brain chemical called serotonin. Many factors likely contribute, not just one cause. Survey study, 2022 How common is PMS among teenage girls in India and what factors are associated with it? Nearly all girls (94.8%) had at least one premenstrual symptom, and 19.3% had moderate to severe PMS. Dysmenorrhea and stress were common and associated with PMS. Survey study, 2022 Is stress about puberty and menstruation linked to depression and anxiety in adolescent girls? Yes. Stress related to menstruation and puberty was linked to depression, anxiety, and reproductive tract infections in adolescent girls in Tanzania. Survey study, 2022 Is stress during menstruation related to menstrual cycle regularity? There is a weak negative relationship between stress during menstruation and menstrual cycle length, meaning higher stress is slightly associated with shorter cycles. Survey study, 2022 Do childhood trauma and certain personality traits make PMS or PMDD symptoms worse? Yes, childhood maltreatment and personality traits like high worry and low self-directedness were linked to worse PMS or PMDD. This is based on questionnaires in one country, so it shows correlation but not definite cause. Study, 2022 Is there higher DNA damage from oxidative stress before your period if you have PMS or PMDD? Yes. Women with moderate-to-severe PMS or PMDD showed higher DNA damage markers before their period than after, and had higher levels compared to women without or with mild PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Does stress affect PMDD symptoms in young women? Yes. Women with higher stress levels had more PMDD symptoms. Weight did not appear to affect symptoms. Stress accounted for about one-third of the differences in how severe PMDD was. Survey study, 2022 Did COVID-19 increase PMS symptoms in female doctors? Yes. Female doctors showed more PMS and PMDD symptoms during the pandemic, linked to psychological stress. Front-line workers had worse symptoms. Survey study, 2022 Are unhealthy diet and stress linked to premenstrual syndrome in teenage girls? Yes. Teenage girls who consumed more fatty foods, sweet foods, sweet drinks, salty foods, and fast food, and those with higher stress levels, all had significantly higher rates of PMS. Survey study, 2021 Do cells from women with PMDD respond differently to estrogen? Yes, cells from women with PMDD show different genetic responses to estrogen and altered responses to cellular stress. This may explain why these women are sensitive to hormone changes. Survey study, 2021 Do women with PMS have different heart rate and blood pressure responses? Yes. During the week before the period, women with PMS showed a clear increase in heart rate and blood pressure responses compared to women without PMS. Survey study, 2021 What blood markers can help identify menstrual cycle-related symptoms? Several blood markers including hormones and immune markers showed links to menstrual cycle symptoms. This is a theory paper, not a new study testing whether these markers work in practice. Survey study, 2021 How do stress factors relate to PMS and PMDD in female medical students? The study measured 18 stress factors and PMS symptoms but the abstract provided does not include the results or findings. Survey study, 2021 Do diet, exercise, and stress affect menstrual cycle problems? Yes. Women with poor diet, lack of exercise, and high stress had more menstrual problems. But this study is observational so we cannot prove these factors cause the problems. Survey study, 2021 What factors are related to premenstrual syndrome in high school students? Stress level, nutritional status, family history, and sleep patterns were all significantly linked to PMS. Age at first menstruation was not. This was a small observational study. Review, 2021 Why do periods stop when you're stressed or eating poorly? Stress, poor nutrition, overexercise, and sleep problems disrupt brain control of hormones, stopping periods. This condition can often be reversed by fixing these underlying causes. Survey study, 2021 What factors are linked to irregular periods in college students? 32.6% of college women had irregular periods. Being anemic, drinking alcohol, sleeping very little, feeling stressed, iodine deficiency, and being underweight were all linked to irregular periods. Survey study, 2021 Does feeling in control help nursing students with PMS cope with school stress? Yes. Feeling in control and being satisfied with their major both fully explained how school stress affects how engaged students are with learning. Survey study, 2021 Are premenstrual symptoms linked to stress and poor quality of life in female students? Yes. Students with mixed premenstrual symptoms had high levels of stress. Those with premenstrual symptoms did poorly on physical, social, and mental health aspects of quality of life. Survey study, 2021 Does anxiety change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Yes, significantly. Most women reported anxiety before menstruation, much fewer reported it during and after menstruation. Survey study, 2021 Does COVID-19 stress and social isolation cause changes in the menstrual cycle? While women reported stress from financial worries and health concerns, there was not enough evidence that social distancing during COVID-19 actually caused menstrual changes. Survey study, 2021 Are childhood trauma and stress linked to PMDD? Yes. Sexual and psychological abuse in childhood, plus current stress, increase PMDD risk mainly through depression. Case-control study, 2021 Do women with PMS have different cortisol levels and patterns? Women with PMS may have higher stress-related cortisol levels and delayed patterns. Many studies are small with limited power, so conclusions are tentative. Survey study, 2021 How common is PMS among female athletes and what causes it? 14.5% of elite female athletes met PMS criteria and reported high rates of fatigue, anger, and muscle pain. The study found no clear links to training intensity, body weight, diet, or other factors investigated. Survey study, 2021 Are stress, eating habits and exercise linked to PMS, and does knowledge matter? Stress, eating patterns, and exercise patterns were all linked to PMS, but how much a girl knew about PMS was not linked to whether she had it. Survey study, 2021 Does managing stress, emotions, diet, exercise and sleep help PMS in female athletes? Yes. Stress response directly affects PMS, and managing emotions well, eating well, exercising and sleeping enough are connected to lower PMS. Review, 2021 How does the menstrual cycle affect anxiety and PTSD symptoms? The menstrual cycle and its hormones affect anxiety and PTSD symptoms. The clearest finding is premenstrual worsening of anxiety, and estradiol may help with trauma memory processing. Cohort study, 2021 Did the COVID-19 pandemic affect women's periods and anxiety levels? Yes. During the pandemic in May 2020, women reported shorter periods with fewer pads needed. Higher anxiety scores were linked to worse menstrual symptoms. Survey study, 2020 How do pandemic stress and sleep problems affect menstrual cycles and PMS? During lockdown, changes in sleep affected when menstrual cycles started in all women studied. High stress combined with poor sleep was linked to menstrual irregularity and worse PMS. Randomised trial, 2020 Does walking reduce stress and symptoms in PMS? Walking plus breathing exercises reduced breathing rate and abdominal pain compared to breathing exercises alone, but overall PMS symptom improvement was similar between groups. Survey study, 2020 Can teaching about yoga techniques improve girls' knowledge about managing PMS? Yes. After the teaching program, girls' knowledge about using yoga for PMS increased significantly, with post-test scores more than double the pre-test scores. Study, 2020 Is there a link between PMS and how junior high girls cope emotionally? Yes. Girls with more PMS symptoms tend to use more emotional coping strategies, though the relationship is weak. Survey study, 2020 Can childhood neglect increase premenstrual mood symptoms in adults? Yes. Childhood neglect was linked to worse premenstrual mood symptoms in adults. The connection worked indirectly through personality traits like irritability and anxiety. Survey study, 2020 How common is PMDD among female health science students in Ethiopia, and what is linked to it? About 1 in 3 students in this study had PMDD. It was more common among those with severe period pain, with high stress, and those who felt their period pain hurt their studies. Review, 2020 Can not eating enough or overexercising stop your period? Yes. Between 16% and 47% of lean female athletes have disordered eating. Low energy, excessive exercise, and stress can stop periods, but periods usually return when these causes are addressed. Survey study, 2020 Do women with IBS and period problems have worse psychological symptoms? Yes. Women with IBS alongside period pain and PMS show more depression, sleep problems, and worse quality of life than those without IBS. Survey study, 2020 Do negative attitudes about menstruation and suggestibility predict worse PMS pain and distress? Yes. Women with more negative attitudes about menstruation and higher suggestibility had significantly greater pain intensity and higher levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. Survey study, 2020 How common are suicidal thoughts and self-harm in people with PMDD? Very high: 72% reported lifetime suicidal thoughts, 49% reported planning, 42% reported intent, 40% preparing for an attempt, 34% attempted suicide, and 51% reported self-harm. Most also had other mental health diagnoses. Survey study, 2020 Are stress and physical activity linked to PMS? Yes. Both stress and physical activity were related to PMS in this group. More stress and less activity were linked to more symptoms. Survey study, 2020 Does stress, calcium, or diet affect PMS? Stress was related to PMS, but calcium intake and nutrition were not in this study of nutrition students, though the sample size is not reported. Randomised trial, 2020 Can learning coping strategies reduce anxiety in girls with PMS? In this small study, a 10-session coping skills training program lowered anxiety scores in girls with PMS more than in a comparison group, but the study was small so this is not strong proof. Survey study, 2020 What factors are linked to PMS in young women? Stress, diet, and exercise were linked to PMS. Age of first period and body weight were not linked in this village study. Survey study, 2020 Does menstruation trigger symptoms in people with Behçet's disease? Menstruation was rarely reported as a trigger. An irregular menstrual cycle triggered mouth ulcers in only 2 out of 60 patients. Food items like eggplant and walnut, as well as psychological stress, were much more commonly reported as triggers. Survey study, 2020 Does worry about health change how stressed women feel at different times in their menstrual cycle? Women with higher worry about health reported more stress during the late luteal phase. This worry did not change whether they experienced more premenstrual symptoms overall. Cohort study, 2020 Are immune and oxidative stress markers linked to menstrual cycle symptoms? Certain markers related to antioxidant defenses and immune function may play a role in menstrual cycle symptoms, though this isn't due to general inflammation. However, this is a small study with no control group, so the findings need confirmation. Case-control study, 2020 Is stress level related to how severe PMS symptoms are? Yes. There is a clear positive relationship between stress level and PMS severity: the higher the stress, the more severe the PMS symptoms. Lab study, 2019 Does stress and cannabis use change across the menstrual cycle? In women who regularly use cannabis, both stress levels and the amount of cannabis used were higher during the premenstrual phase compared to other cycle phases. This suggests women may use more cannabis premenstrually to manage higher stress. Survey study, 2019 Are PMS symptoms linked to how women feel about their health and stress? Yes. Women who reported feeling unhealthy or stressed had much more severe PMS symptoms. How a woman perceives her own health was the strongest factor linked to PMS symptom severity. Survey study, 2019 Is stress linked to PMS? Women with PMS had significantly higher stress levels than healthy women. But stress and eating behaviour together showed only a weak link to PMS, so they may not be the main causes. Non-randomised trial, 2019 Does Raja Yoga meditation reduce depression, anxiety, and stress in women with PMS? In this small study, 8 women who practiced Raja Yoga meditation once daily for 8 weeks showed lower depression, anxiety, and stress scores during the premenstrual period. But without a control group, we cannot be sure the improvement came from meditation. Survey study, 2019 What factors affect PMS severity in teenage girls? Sleep patterns, stress, attitudes about menstruation, and limiting exposure to chemicals all affected PMS severity. Together these factors explained 37% of the differences in PMS severity. Case-control study, 2019 Does inflammation affect mood in women with PMS? In female soccer players, those with PMS had higher levels of inflammatory markers and reported more depression and tension at certain cycle phases compared to those without PMS. Case-control study, 2019 Do women with PMS have different stress hormone levels when they wake up? Women with PMS showed a flattened stress hormone response upon waking compared to healthy women, especially at 45 and 60 minutes after waking. A blunted cortisol response may be linked to PMS development, but the study is small. Case-control study, 2019 How do PMDD and depression affect pain sensitivity and stress response? Women with PMDD felt pain sooner and more intensely from cold exposure, and had weaker stress responses. Women with a history of depression showed lasting changes in pain and stress response even after the depression ended. Cohort study, 2019 Is there a link between menstrual symptoms and anxiety, depression, and stress in teenage girls? Yes. There was a strong correlation between menstrual distress and depression, anxiety, and stress, with distress significantly higher before, during, and after menstruation (p=0.000). Survey study, 2019 How common is PMS in female operating room technologists? The study aimed to find how common PMS is in female operating room technologists and what factors influence it, but the results are not provided in this abstract. Survey study, 2018 Does stress and thinking ability change during different phases of the menstrual cycle? Stress was higher in the premenstrual phase and thinking ability was lower in the premenstrual phase compared to the proliferative phase, but these differences were not statistically significant and may have happened by chance. Survey study, 2018 Does estrogen affect anxiety and mood problems in PMDD, and does a woman's genes play a role? In women with PMDD, higher estrogen before the period was linked to lower anxiety and stress, but only in women carrying a specific genetic variant. This shows correlation in this subset and cannot confirm cause and effect. Survey study, 2018 How do women respond differently to psychiatric medications and why do we need sex-specific treatments? Women respond differently to psychiatric medications than men because of biological differences in brain receptors and hormones. Sex-specific treatments are important for conditions like PMDD and postpartum depression. Survey study, 2018 What affects quality of life in nursing students with premenstrual syndrome? Premenstrual syndrome is the strongest factor affecting quality of life in nursing students, though being younger and eating bland food also matter. These three factors explain 17.6% of why quality of life varies, so other things are important too. Survey study, 2018 Does job-seeking stress make period symptoms worse, and does how you cope matter? Job-seeking stress is linked to worse period symptoms in college students with non-health majors, but only when they use passive coping styles like avoidance. Students who actively manage stress do not experience this effect. Study, 2018 Does glutathione change during the menstrual cycle and affect premenstrual acne? Yes. A protective substance in the blood called glutathione decreased by day 21 of the menstrual cycle. This decrease was linked to worse acne before menstruation. Survey study, 2018 Does stress affect premenstrual syndrome? Higher stress levels were linked to premenstrual syndrome in this small study. The findings suggest managing stress might help prevent or reduce symptoms, though larger studies are needed. Survey study, 2018 Does premenstrual syndrome increase stress in nursing students? Yes. Women nursing students with PMS had significantly higher stress levels than those without PMS. Study, 2018 Could oxidative stress be a cause of PMS? Researchers designed a study to test this question, but this abstract does not report what they found. Survey study, 2018 Does the menstrual cycle affect how the body responds to stress? Women in the luteal phase show a stronger cortisol response to laboratory stress than women in the follicular phase. Survey study, 2017 What factors predict how well women cope with premenstrual symptoms? Physical factors like menstrual pain are the strongest predictor of premenstrual symptoms, which then affects coping ability. Psychological factors like stress also directly affect how well women cope. Lab study, 2017 Do physical changes happen before menstruation? Yes. Before menstruation compared to after, women showed increased perceived stress, faster heart rate, higher blood pressure, weight gain, and slower reaction times. Survey study, 2017 How do lifestyles differ between women with and without PMS? Women with PMS had worse diets, higher stress, and more secondhand smoke exposure compared to women without PMS, all statistically significant. But we cannot prove these factors cause PMS. Study, 2017 Does the premenstrual phase affect how fast women react? Yes. Reaction time increased significantly during the premenstrual phase. Both visual and auditory reaction times became longer compared to after the period. Cohort study, 2017 Is acceptance therapy (ACT) more effective than other treatments for PMS? Yes, for stress. ACT reduced emotional PMS symptoms and perceived stress more than cognitive behavioral therapy or no treatment, with stress improvements lasting at follow-up. Survey study, 2017 Does high blood pressure increase the risk of PMS? Yes. Women with high blood pressure were 4.5 times more likely to have PMS. The study was small and looked at one point in time, so it shows association but cannot prove one causes the other. Survey study, 2017 What makes PMS worse in nursing students? Higher stress and more painful periods were linked to worse premenstrual syndrome, and together these explained about a fifth of the difference between students. Survey study, 2017 Are dietary and lifestyle habits like alcohol consumption linked to PMS in college students? The study examined alcohol consumption in college students and found females drink much less than males. The connection to PMS specifically is not clearly described. Survey study, 2017 Is there a link between menstrual cycle phase and fatal self-harm? Most women who died by suicide were in the premenstrual (late secretory) phase (41.7%), suggesting a possible connection. However, this is a small autopsy study from one region in India with no comparison group, so cause and effect cannot be proven. Survey study, 2017 Do women with moderate PMS have more depression, anxiety, stress, and sleep problems than those with mild PMS? Yes. Women with moderate PMS had significantly higher levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, and significantly worse sleep quality compared to those with mild PMS. Randomised trial, 2017 Does yoga help with PMS symptoms? This text only gives the background and reasoning for a yoga trial. It does not include the trial's actual methods or results, so no answer about whether yoga worked can be given from this excerpt. Lab study, 2017 Can stimulating the balance system help manage PMS symptoms? After 2 months of vestibular stimulation using a swing, depression, stress, pain, and blood pressure clearly decreased. This is preliminary evidence and larger studies are needed. Survey study, 2016 How aware are Indian women of PMS? This survey of 305 Indian women found that most were not aware of PMS and very few gave correct answers about what it is. The lack of awareness likely stems from menstruation being a taboo topic in India. Survey study, 2016 Is premenstrual syndrome related to stress, obesity, and physical activity in teenage girls? The study found that stress, obesity, and exercise habits were associated with PMS in teenage girls. However, as an observational study from one school in Indonesia, we cannot know if these factors actually cause PMS. Survey study, 2016 Are emotional labor at work and stress linked to PMS symptoms in nurses? Yes. Nurses with higher emotional labor and higher stress had worse PMS symptoms. There were clear relationships between all three: emotional labor linked to stress, emotional labor linked to PMS, and stress linked to PMS. Survey study, 2016 Are negative attitudes about menstruation and PMS symptoms linked to burnout in nurses? Yes. Nurses with negative attitudes about menstruation or PMS symptoms are more likely to experience burnout and work stress. PMS and age are the biggest factors linked to burnout. Cohort study, 2016 Does genetic variation affect how women process emotions at different cycle phases? Yes. Women with certain gene variants showed different emotional responses depending on cycle phase and oral contraceptive use, though results varied by which variant they had. Survey study, 2016 Does stress increase premenstrual syndrome in college students? Yes. Female college students who experienced stress were more likely to have premenstrual syndrome than those without stress. 34.9 percent had stress and 32.8 percent had PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2016 Does PMS increase the risk of stress fractures in teenage athletes? Among teenage athletes, 8.9% had moderate-to-severe PMS. Those with strong physical premenstrual symptoms had 1.66 times higher risk of stress fractures, suggesting PMS symptoms may increase injury risk. Case-control study, 2015 Are brain connections different in women with PMS? Yes. Women with PMS had decreased connectivity in some brain regions involved in emotion and memory, and increased connectivity in other regions. They also reported higher anxiety and depression. Survey study, 2015 Are menstrual problems linked to mental health issues? Yes. Girls with menstrual problems were clearly more likely to have stress and anxiety. Cohort study, 2015 Is there a measurable body stress marker linked to PMS? Yes, women with PMS had lower levels of a saliva immune marker (S-IgA) after their period and higher stress scores than women without PMS, but their cortisol levels were no different, suggesting S-IgA may track PMS-related stress better than cortisol does. Survey study, 2015 Do women with depression show signs of more cellular stress in their bodies? Yes. Women with depressive symptoms had a higher level of a cellular stress marker than women without depressive symptoms, consistent across all menstrual cycle phases. Study, 2015 Does how women smokers react to stress change during their menstrual cycle? Yes. Women smokers react to stress differently depending on where they are in their cycle. Survey study, 2015 Does menstrual pain cause emotional stress in young women? Among women aged 17-35 with premenstrual pain, most experienced emotional stress. Women with severe pain had very high rates of mood changes (80%), irritability (60%), and unusual laughter (40%). Survey study, 2015 Does changing hormones during menopause cause depression? Changing hormones during menopause may disrupt the body's stress-management system, making depression more likely. This is a theory based on reviewing research, not new evidence from testing. Survey study, 2015 How common is physical stress and pain during the menstrual cycle? Physical stress symptoms were common, with 15% experiencing mild, 14% moderate, and 5% severe symptoms. Most women did not exercise despite experiencing menstrual pain. Survey study, 2015 How common is PMS in Turkish medical students and does it affect quality of life? PMS is very common in Turkish medical students (91.8%), and those with severe PMS have the lowest quality of life scores. Case-control study, 2015 Do women with PMS focus more on themselves when stressed? Women with PMS and PMDD report using more self-focused attention when stressed, even when their level of negative emotion is similar to women without PMS. This inward focus may increase their distress during the menstrual cycle. Case-control study, 2015 Is apelin related to PMS? Apelin levels were significantly higher in women with PMS. Researchers suggest apelin might help diagnose PMS, though this is a small study. Survey study, 2015 Does menstrual cycle phase affect how nicotine affects women? Yes, menstrual cycle phase affects how smoking activates stress hormones and subjective feelings. Women in the high progesterone luteal phase showed reduced emotional and hormonal responses to smoking compared to other phases. Interview study, 2015 Does childhood sexual abuse affect hormone levels and premenstrual symptoms? Women with menstrually-related mood disorders who experienced childhood sexual abuse had higher oxytocin levels than those without this history. In women with abuse history, higher oxytocin was linked with fewer premenstrual symptoms. Survey study, 2014 What factors cause PMS in teenage girls? Daily hassles had the biggest effect on PMS in teenage girls. Other factors included age at first period, body weight, menstrual flow amount, test anxiety, social support, attitudes about menstruation, and femininity, but not school stress. Survey study, 2014 Is stress linked to PMS in female students? Yes, stress was linked to PMS in these female nursing students. Diet and physical activity did not show a clear link to PMS. Survey study, 2014 Do premenstrual symptoms make PTSD symptoms worse? Yes. Women with worse premenstrual symptoms had noticeably worse PTSD symptoms, especially if they were sensitive to anxiety. Survey study, 2014 Do women with both IBS and PMS experience worse symptoms than those with IBS alone? Yes, women with both conditions had more stress, more severe bowel and psychological symptoms, and longer episodes with slower recovery compared to those with IBS alone. Survey study, 2014 Do premenstrual symptoms relate to school stress? Girls reported more symptoms at one point in their cycle, and school deadlines were linked to more symptoms during that time, suggesting stress and symptoms may be connected. Cohort study, 2014 Do lifestyle and nutrition affect menstrual symptoms? Yes. Women with menstrual symptoms had different eating patterns and lifestyle factors than those without symptoms. Strong links were found between diet and the type of menstrual pattern. Randomised trial, 2014 Does Shu-Yu capsule reduce depression from premenstrual syndrome in rats? This was an animal study in rats, not humans. In rats, Shu-Yu capsule improved depression-like symptoms and balanced a key brain chemical. Survey study, 2014 Does how stressed women feel after eating behavior change based on menstrual cycle status? Yes, in women with anorexia nervosa. Those with regular menstrual cycles felt less stressed after skipping meals, while those with irregular cycles felt more stressed. This suggests hormonal status affects how eating behaviors connect to stress. Survey study, 2014 Does a history of abuse affect how stress relates to premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women who experienced abuse had higher stress levels and more severe premenstrual symptoms than those without abuse history. The age at which abuse happened was more important than just having been abused. Survey study, 2014 What makes PMS worse in college women, stress or how they feel about periods? Both matter. Women with higher stress and a more negative attitude toward menstruation tended to have worse PMS, along with smoking and painful periods, but together these only explained about a quarter of the difference between women. Survey study, 2013 Does the link between cortisol and feeling stressed change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. In the follicular phase, higher cortisol was linked with feeling less stressed afterward. In the luteal phase, higher cortisol was linked with feeling more stressed afterward. This suggests hormones change how the body's physical stress response relates to emotional experience. Study, 2013 Does the menstrual cycle affect which men women prefer as romantic partners? Yes. Women in their fertile window preferred men with aggressive traits as short-term partners, though this preference did not extend to long-term relationships. Case-control study, 2013 Are brain chemicals different in women with PMDD? Women with PMDD had higher levels of two brain proteins (BDNF and HSP70) during the luteal phase, suggesting their brain may be under stress or trying to compensate. This is a small study, so results need confirmation. Case-control study, 2013 How does the menstrual cycle affect processing emotions and thinking in women with and without PMS? All women took longer to resolve conflicts between emotions and thinking during the luteal phase. Only women with PMS showed increased stress levels during the luteal phase, suggesting an additional stress response. Survey study, 2013 Can headaches happen in the middle of a woman's cycle? Yes. About half of women get headaches before their period, but one in six experience headaches around the middle of their cycle instead. Headache timing often matches when mood symptoms occur. Randomised trial, 2013 Does the menstrual cycle affect cortisol (stress hormone) levels? No. The menstrual cycle phase does not affect cortisol levels. However, birth control pills are associated with higher resting cortisol levels and a weaker stress response. Randomised trial, 2013 Can stress trigger PMDD-like symptoms in female monkeys and does traditional Chinese medicine treat it? In this animal study, stress caused PMDD-like symptoms in 70% of monkeys and was linked to hormone and brain chemical changes. A traditional Chinese medicine reversed both the symptoms and chemical abnormalities. Survey study, 2013 Is there a link between PMS/PMDD symptoms and trauma from natural disasters? Yes, nine months after a major earthquake, girls with PTSD showed significantly higher rates and severity of PMS and PMDD symptoms. Symptom severity increased with PTSD severity. Survey study, 2013 Do female athletes have worse premenstrual symptoms during competition? Some do, and the type of sport matters. Individual athletes report more psychological stress during their menstrual period than team athletes do. Survey study, 2013 Do stress-sensitive women respond to stress differently across the menstrual cycle? Women with high stress sensitivity show stronger stress responses during menstruation than women with low stress sensitivity, but not at other cycle phases. Survey study, 2012 Does a relaxation yoga exercise help reduce PMS symptoms and stress? Yes, one week of 61-Point Relaxation yoga appeared to reduce physical stress markers and improve mood in women with PMS. The study was very small and lasted only one week. Study, 2012 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect stress hormones and psychiatric symptoms? This small pilot study found patterns suggesting the follicular phases may have higher mood symptoms, but the differences in stress hormone levels across the cycle were not clear enough to confirm. Survey study, 2012 Does eating more calcium reduce premenstrual symptoms? Calcium supplements above recommended amounts may help reduce physical PMS symptoms in women with moderate symptoms, but may not help mood symptoms. Survey study, 2012 Can a saliva test show menstrual stress? Possibly. The study found that levels of progesterone and amylase in saliva showed a relationship with menstrual distress and premenstrual symptoms, suggesting saliva tests might be useful for tracking menstrual stress. Survey study, 2012 Is higher weight linked to greater risk of PMS? Yes. Women with obesity were at higher PMS risk than those who were overweight, who were at higher risk than those with normal weight. Stress and contraceptive use also affected PMS risk. Survey study, 2011 Do overweight or obese women have worse PMS than normal weight women? Yes. Overweight and obese women reported significantly more pain and mood-related PMS symptoms compared to normal weight women. Survey study, 2011 Is academic stress linked to menstrual disorders in female students? Yes. Women with academic stress have about 2 times the risk of menstrual disorders. PMS is one common disorder, affecting about one-third of those with any menstrual problem. Study, 2011 Does your menstrual cycle affect how often you have unwanted memories of emotional events? Yes. Women in the luteal phase reported significantly more unwanted memories of emotional films than women in the follicular phase, and the number of memories correlated with progesterone levels. Survey study, 2011 What causes irregular periods and period pain in working women? Stress appeared to be the main factor linked to both irregular periods and period pain. However, this study only shows associations, not whether stress actually causes these problems. Study, 2011 Are oxidative stress levels different in women with PMS? On day 21 of the cycle (just before the period), women with PMS had higher oxidative stress markers and lower antioxidant protection compared to women without PMS. On day 3, there were no differences. Survey study, 2011 Is PTSD linked to a higher risk of PMDD? Yes. Women with trauma and PTSD were 8.14 times more likely to have PMDD than women without trauma, and women with trauma but no PTSD were 2.84 times more likely. Survey study, 2011 Does work stress and night shifts increase risk of PMS and PMDD? Yes, women working night shifts had higher rates of PMS (56% vs 32%) and PMDD (22% vs 13%) compared to women without shift work, but we cannot prove the shifts caused these conditions. Survey study, 2010 Do women in different menstrual phases respond to stress differently than men? Yes. Men showed stronger hormonal stress responses than women. However, women in the luteal phase reported feeling more stressed and showed greater emotional stress hormone responses than women in the follicular phase. Survey study, 2010 Does sexual interest change across the cycle and what role do pain, sleep and hormones play? Overall sexual interest does not change across the cycle, but women not using oral contraceptives show a slight mid-cycle increase in attraction while those using them report greater overall attraction. Pain and sleep disturbances peak during menstruation. Survey study, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle affect how women who smoke crave cigarettes? Yes. Women who smoke showed stronger cravings and physical reactions to smoking cues at certain times in their cycle, particularly in the mid-follicular phase. Non-randomised trial, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle change how the brain responds to stress? Yes. In the late luteal phase (before your period), stress affected brain emotion regions differently than in other cycle phases, with unexpected lower response in the late luteal phase. Women with higher natural hormone changes showed smaller brain responses to stress. Survey study, 2009 Does job stress affect periods and hormone levels in female workers? Women with higher job stress had more period problems and some hormone changes, with longer work hours linked to lower estrogen levels. Study, 2009 Does your body handle mental stress differently depending on your menstrual cycle phase? No. The study found no clear differences in how the cardiovascular system or blood responded to mental stress between the follicular and luteal phases. Lab study, 2009 Does a stress-reducing hormone work differently at puberty? Yes. In female mice, pregnanolone (a hormone that normally reduces anxiety) actually increases anxiety at puberty because the brain develops new receptors that respond to it differently. Survey study, 2009 Is stress related to premenstrual symptoms and irregular periods? Yes. Stress is independently associated with both PMS and irregular cycles. Women reporting these menstrual problems had significantly higher stress scores. Review, 2009 Does taking vitamin D help with depression? We still don't know. This review says there isn't enough good evidence yet to say vitamin D levels cause or prevent depression. Non-randomised trial, 2008 Does a one-week relaxation yoga training reduce stress response in women with PMS? Yes. One week of 61-points relaxation yoga training significantly reduced blood pressure and heart rate responses to stress in women with PMS. Non-randomised trial, 2008 Does stress affect memory differently depending on menstrual cycle phase? Stress had no clear effect on how well women remembered information at any menstrual cycle phase. However, in the mid-luteal phase when progesterone is highest, there was a stronger relationship between stress hormone levels and memory. Case-control study, 2008 Do women with seizures that worsen around their period have different hormone levels? Yes. Women whose seizures get worse before their period have lower THDOC levels and a lower DHEAS/cortisol ratio throughout their cycle (p < 0.05), which might explain their worsening seizures. Survey study, 2007 Do women who experienced abuse have more severe premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Women with a history of abuse report more severe PMS, especially pain and water retention. Stress partially explains this but accounts for only 24% of the effect. Study, 2007 Could gum disease cause PMS and sleep problems? In one case, treating a woman's gum disease with dental cleaning relieved both her PMS symptoms and sleep problems, suggesting gum disease might contribute to these symptoms in some women. Case-control study, 2007 Does serotonin function change differently in PMDD versus PMS versus healthy women? Women with PMDD show unusually high serotonin function in the follicular phase but low function in the luteal phase, different from women with PMS and healthy women. This suggests PMDD involves an unstable serotonin system. Survey study, 2007 Does cycle-related anger connect to depression? In a rat study, females showing more anger during certain parts of their cycle also showed depression-like behavior at the same stage, suggesting these traits may share similar biological roots. Lab study, 2007 Do women with PMS react differently to stress? Possibly. Women with PMS showed different heart rate patterns during stress compared to women without PMS, suggesting their nervous system handles stress differently. Both groups felt psychological stress. Non-randomised trial, 2006 Does the menstrual cycle affect brain activity differently in women with migraine? Yes, in this study women with migraine showed greater brain electrical changes during the premenstrual phase than healthy women, especially when stressed. This suggests the menstrual cycle and stress together may trigger migraine attacks. Survey study, 2006 Does spiritual well-being make PMS and stress worse or better? Surprisingly, women with higher spiritual well-being reported more PMS symptoms and stress, not less. Spiritual well-being partially explained the relationship between stress and PMS. Survey study, 2006 What percentage of Japanese high school girls have PMDD or PMS, and what affects it? About 8.4% have PMDD and 18.5% have PMS. Stress, poor sleep, less exercise, irregular eating, and headaches may increase risk. Randomised trial, 2005 Does a history of sexual abuse change how women with PMDD respond to the drug clonidine? In this very small study, yes: women with PMDD who had been sexually abused showed different heart rate, blood pressure and stress-hormone responses to clonidine than those without that history, though the sample was too small to be confident. Study, 2005 Does PMS affect how women experience fear and stress at different times in their cycle? Women with PMS reported higher fear during the second half of their cycle than women without PMS. Strangely, their cortisol levels (a stress hormone) were actually lower during that same time, suggesting their stress system may work differently. Study, 2005 What are the treatment options for premenstrual disorders? Yes, there are several approaches. Women can try lifestyle changes, diet changes, stress management, or medications. The best approach for each person depends on her individual needs. Survey study, 2005 What factors are associated with having a hysterectomy in women veterans? Premenstrual syndrome was one of several factors. Women with PMS were 1.6 times more likely to have had a hysterectomy (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3). Other factors included older age, multiple pregnancies, and PCOS. Survey study, 2005 How does trauma history affect PMDD symptoms and pregnancy? Women with PMDD who experienced trauma show different body reactions to stress and may experience symptom changes during pregnancy. These findings come from reviewing existing published research rather than new studies. Survey study, 2004 Does the body's stress response change during the menstrual cycle? Yes. The body's stress response changes at different times in the menstrual cycle, with stronger responses during the second half of the cycle. Women show a different overall pattern than men. Review, 2004 Could a brain hormone called allopregnanolone explain mood problems like PMDD in women? This review suggests that changes in allopregnanolone, a hormone-like substance in the brain, may be linked to mood problems including premenstrual dysphoria (PMDD), but this is a theory based on existing animal and human research, not new proof. Non-randomised trial, 2004 Do women with depression have abnormal hormone rhythms across the menstrual cycle? Both healthy women and women with depression showed clear daily hormone rhythms that changed with cycle phase, with no significant differences between groups. However, depressed women had higher overall estradiol levels. Case-control study, 2004 Is job stress linked to having premenstrual symptoms? Yes, in this large survey of military women, high job stress was the strongest factor linked to premenstrual symptoms, with almost three times the risk compared to women without symptoms, but since this is an observational survey it cannot prove that stress causes the symptoms. Cohort study, 2003 Do women with PMDD who experienced abuse respond differently to stress? Women with PMDD who had experienced sexual or physical abuse showed different stress hormone patterns when stressed, with lower resting stress hormones but stronger adrenaline responses, different from non-PMDD women with abuse histories. Survey study, 2003 Do women who experienced recent abuse have more health problems than other women? Yes. Four percent of women at gynecology clinics reported recent abuse. Women who reported abuse had more mental health diagnoses, more physical symptoms, more stress, and worse overall health compared to women without abuse. Survey study, 2003 Do hormone levels change during the menstrual cycle in women with depression? Yes. Women with depression had higher levels of a chemical called homocysteine in the early cycle compared to the late cycle, and overall higher levels than healthy women. Survey study, 2003 How common is PMS and what factors are associated with it in college-aged women in Saudi Arabia? 96.6% experienced at least one premenstrual symptom and 37.5% had high severity. Risk factors included maternal history of PMS, perceived mental stress, physical inactivity, and consuming sweet foods and coffee, though these explained only 14% of symptom variation. Case-control study, 2003 Do bulimia symptoms change across menstrual cycle phases? Yes, bulimia symptoms worsen in mid-luteal and premenstrual phases compared to other cycle phases. The study is very small with only 8 women, so results need confirmation. Case-control study, 2002 Does stress from PMS change the chemistry of women's breath? Yes. Women with PMS have higher levels of volatile sulfur compounds (which cause bad breath) during the premenstrual phase than women without PMS (P < 0.05), and this is not simply explained by less saliva production. Review, 2002 Are hormone problems the cause of PMS? No clear hormone abnormalities have been found in people with PMS, even though hormones seem connected to mood. A treatment that stops monthly cycles improved mood, but why this works is still unclear. Cohort study, 2001 Do women with PMDD handle stress hormones differently than women without it? Yes. In this small study, women with PMDD showed different patterns of the hormone allopregnanolone and cortisol around stress compared to women without PMDD, hinting at a biological difference in how their bodies respond to stress. Survey study, 2001 How does premenstrual syndrome affect women's relationships and work? Women with premenstrual tension reported physical and emotional discomfort that affected their relationships with family, partners, and children, and their work. However, the study does not provide specific numbers on how common these effects were. Survey study, 2001 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect spatial ability? Yes. Women in the luteal phase scored lower on spatial reasoning tests than women in other menstrual phases, but hormone levels didn't explain why. Case-control study, 2000 Do women with PMS respond differently to tryptophan than women without PMS? Yes. Women with PMS showed a reduced response when given tryptophan in the days before their period, and they had higher baseline stress hormone (cortisol) levels. Review, 2000 Can SSRI antidepressants treat premenstrual syndrome? Yes, SSRIs are particularly effective for treating premenstrual syndrome symptoms. Randomised trial, 2000 How common is sexual abuse history in women seeking treatment for severe PMS? Very common. Of 42 interviewed women, 95% reported at least one sexual abuse event, and 81% reported completed penetration against their will. Most also had undiagnosed post-traumatic stress disorder. Review, 2000 How do hormonal changes affect women's psychiatric conditions and their treatment? Psychiatric disorders occur more commonly or exclusively in women. Hormonal fluctuations across the menstrual cycle affect how psychiatric symptoms present and how medications work in women's bodies. Survey study, 1999 Does the menstrual cycle phase affect how the body responds to stress? Yes. Women in the luteal phase (second half of the cycle) showed higher cortisol responses to a stress test than women in the follicular phase. Survey study, 1999 Does high stress make the menstrual cycle irregular? No clear pattern was found. While women with irregular cycles tended to report higher stress, stress levels did not consistently predict how long each cycle phase lasted. Survey study, 1999 Do bowel symptoms vary with the menstrual cycle in women with IBS and inflammatory bowel disease? Yes. About two-thirds of women with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis reported that their symptoms got worse with their cycle. Women with IBS and inflammatory bowel disease reported more cyclical changes in bowel habits than women with normal bowel function. Review, 1999 Does the birth control pill help female athletes manage PMS and other health issues? The birth control pill may help athletes control PMS symptoms and menstrual bleeding and may improve athletic performance. Effects on bone health and injury prevention are unclear, and individual responses vary. Case report, 1998 Does how women manage anger affect how bad their PMS gets? No, not significantly. Women who coped with anger differently had similar PMS severity. But stress from work and family life was linked to worse PMS. Study, 1998 Do women with different patterns of premenstrual symptoms have different cortisol levels? Women with more severe premenstrual symptoms showed clear differences in cortisol levels during the second half of their cycle. However, cortisol differences were not found during the first half, suggesting the stress hormone changes are connected specifically to when symptoms are worst. Cohort study, 1998 Do women with PMDD react differently to stress than other women? Yes, in this small study, women with PMDD showed different heart and stress-hormone responses to stressful tasks than women without PMDD, and this was true in both halves of their cycle. Non-randomised trial, 1998 Do women with PMS have different hormone levels than other women? This very small study found no clear differences in most hormones tested, but women with PMS had lower testosterone levels that did not show the normal monthly peak. Survey study, 1998 How common is PMS in women of reproductive age and what factors increase the risk? 30.4% had PMS, with most having mild to moderate symptoms. Women with higher stress, depression symptoms, painful periods, and higher education level had higher rates. Survey study, 1998 Is depression around the period, after birth, or at menopause caused by abnormal reproductive hormones? No clear hormone abnormality has been found to explain PMS. No abnormalities in LH, estrogen, or progesterone were documented in PMS, though completely stopping monthly hormone cycling with a drug called leuprolide improved mood. Non-randomised trial, 1998 Is the stress hormone cortisol different in women with premenstrual depression? Yes, but opposite to regular depression. Women with severe premenstrual depression had low cortisol levels before the period, similar to seasonal depression, while women with mild symptoms had high cortisol. Survey study, 1997 Do women with PMS or menstrual migraine respond differently to stress? Women with PMS or menstrual migraine responded normally to a stress test, but had higher baseline blood pressure and overall arousal before and after the test. Randomised trial, 1997 Does serotonin play a role in PMS and can a drug acting on serotonin help? Yes, a serotonin-acting drug improved PMS symptoms when given during the premenstrual phase, suggesting serotonin is involved. However, serotonin appears to be a modulating factor rather than the primary cause. Study, 1997 Do reaction times get slower before a period? Yes. Women's auditory and visual reaction times were slower during the premenstrual phase compared to after menstruation. Survey study, 1997 How do doctors treat mood and energy problems linked to the menstrual cycle? Low mood and low energy linked to the cycle usually occur just before the period. Women with and without these symptoms have similar hormone levels. The difference is how the brain responds. Most women improve with antidepressants (usually SSRIs) and discussing stressful situations. Survey study, 1997 Does PMS cause women to miss work or do their jobs worse? No clear difference in work performance, sick days, or stress between women at different cycle phases or compared to men. Women with self-reported PMS showed no problems specifically during their premenstrual phase; instead, they reported high stress and health problems across their entire cycle. Survey study, 1997 Do marked mood changes happen mainly before menstruation? Marked mood changes happen just as often after menstruation as before, so cycle phase is not a good predictor of mood. Social relationships predict mood changes much better than cycle timing does. Lab study, 1997 Does the stress response system change during the menstrual cycle? Yes, the stress hormone cortisol is suppressed more easily during the first half of the cycle, and stress receptors are more active then. This might explain why some women feel more irritable and moody just before their period. Cohort study, 1997 Do migraines get worse at certain times in the menstrual cycle? Only 20% of the women showed a significant relationship between their menstrual cycle and migraines. For those who did, the menstrual cycle explained a substantial amount of their migraine patterns, but the study suggests fewer women are substantially affected than previously thought. Survey study, 1996 How does the menstrual cycle affect the link between stress and migraines? The menstrual cycle changed how women coped with stress and how often they had migraines. The connection between stress and migraines was stronger at certain points in the cycle. Survey study, 1995 Do women with premenstrual symptoms have ongoing psychological problems? In the time between periods, women with premenstrual symptoms were psychologically similar to women without symptoms. When recalling periods that included the premenstrual phase, they reported worse mood than they actually experienced. Study, 1995 Do women with depression before their period have different brain chemistry than other women? No clear difference was found in brain chemistry between women with depression before their period and control women, even though the test measured a key system involved in mood. Case-control study, 1994 Is the stress hormone system different in women with severe PMS? Yes. Women with severe PMS have altered control of their stress hormone system, with cortisol responding differently to hormonal stimuli, suggesting reduced opioid receptor sensitivity. Survey study, 1994 Do women with PMS perceive stress and social support differently at different times in their menstrual cycle? Yes. All women perceived more stressors as severe during the premenstrual phase, but only women with PMS reported lower satisfaction with their social support and self-esteem at that time. This suggests the cycle affects how women with PMS view their stress and relationships. Case-control study, 1994 Does a parent's high blood pressure change how the cycle affects blood pressure and anger under stress? Yes, in this small study family history mattered: women without a hypertensive parent had cycle-linked changes in blood pressure and anger, while women with a hypertensive parent did not show the same cycle pattern but had higher luteal-phase responses overall. Study, 1994 Does PMS affect how fast and accurately women do attention tasks? Women responded more slowly to easier attention tasks before menstruation, but accuracy wasn't affected. After the task, women felt lower in energy and mood before menstruation. Survey study, 1993 Do women with worse PMS symptoms feel more stressed before their period? Women with high levels of PMS symptoms experienced significantly higher perceived stress before their period compared to after. Women with low levels of PMS symptoms did not show this pattern. Case-control study, 1993 Does the menstrual cycle affect how women's hearts and blood vessels respond to stress? The menstrual cycle affected some cardiovascular measures in women without PMS but not in women with PMS. Women with PMS consistently showed weaker stress responses than women without PMS. Case-control study, 1993 Are hormone levels different in women with PMS? Possibly. Women with PMS had lower ACTH levels during the luteal phase, and different subgroups showed different hormone patterns, suggesting multiple biological subtypes. Interview study, 1993 How do stress and coping skills change during the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? Stress increases and coping ability decreases before the period while symptoms worsen. This suggests stress and coping may play a role in PMS. Survey study, 1992 Which coping strategies help reduce PMS symptoms? Women with PMS who had more social support and structure in their lives had less severe symptoms. Women who monitored their stress more closely tended to have worse symptoms. Cohort study, 1992 What role do hormones play in mood problems linked to the menstrual cycle? Hormones can trigger mood problems in a small percentage of women who are vulnerable, often those with a history of depression. The menstrual cycle may act as a biological trigger in susceptible women. Survey study, 1992 Does having a Type A personality change how stress affects menstrual symptoms? Women with Type A personality traits reported more menstrual symptoms at all levels of stress compared to women with other personality types. Survey study, 1992 Can daily symptom tracking reliably diagnose PMS? No. Five different rating methods that doctors have used to diagnose PMS from daily symptom tracking could not reliably separate women with diagnosed PMS from women without symptoms. Survey study, 1991 What is the best treatment for PMS? No single medication works for everyone. Treatment works best when combined approaches including diet, exercise, stress management, and sometimes medication are matched to each woman's specific symptoms. Survey study, 1991 How do stress hormones affect the menstrual cycle and PMS? Stress hormones in the brain can suppress the hormones needed for normal menstruation and ovulation. Changes in certain brain chemicals during the cycle may be linked to PMS symptoms, but evidence comes mainly from animal studies and theory rather than clinical trials. Study, 1991 Do hormone and brain chemical levels change between phases of the menstrual cycle in women with PMS? Some hormone and brain chemical levels did differ between the symptom-free and symptomatic phases of the cycle, but with only 8 women studied this is very early, exploratory work and not strong evidence. Study, 1991 Does how your blood responds to stress change during your menstrual cycle? Stress affects your blood clotting markers similarly in both cycle phases. The changes are more pronounced before your period. Survey study, 1991 Does mental and physical performance get worse during the menstrual cycle? No, most aspects of thinking and physical performance did not get worse during the menstrual or premenstrual phases. Women did report feeling more alert before their period and performed slightly better on one word-matching task premenstrually. Lab study, 1991 Does your mood and how your body feels change during your menstrual cycle? Yes. Both women with normal cycles and those with irregular cycles reported more negative moods and worse physical feelings in the premenstrual phase than in the middle of their cycle. Study, 1990 Does mood or stress response change at different times of your menstrual cycle? No clear differences were found. The study showed that mood and how blood pressure and heart rate respond to stress are similar shortly after menstruation and just before the next menstruation. Survey study, 1990 What factors are linked to women saying they have PMS? In a survey of 5457 women, 61% reported PMS. Women were more likely to report PMS if they had longer menstrual cycles or higher stress. Survey study, 1990 Does PMS come from a broken stress hormone system? Women with PMS had a few small differences in their stress hormone (cortisol) responses compared to women without PMS, but their overall daily cortisol output was normal. This suggests only mild, temporary hormone shifts that the body seems able to correct on its own. Study, 1990 Do women experience positive emotions during the premenstrual period? Yes. 46 of 48 women reported positive emotions including well-being, excitement, relief, and increased sexual desire. Survey study, 1989 How do stress and lifestyle affect perimenstrual symptoms? Chronic stress was significantly linked to more severe perimenstrual symptoms. Of lifestyle factors tested, only the amount of strenuous exercise showed a meaningful association with symptoms. Study, 1989 Are stress and personality traits linked to having worse premenstrual symptoms? College women with worse premenstrual symptoms had significantly more self-focused thinking than the other groups. They also tended to report higher general stress. Together, high stress and high self-preoccupation appeared only in the premenstrual symptom group. Non-randomised trial, 1988 What medical history factors affect how severe PMS symptoms are? Family history of PMS, low exercise, younger age, and having more children explained about a third of the differences in symptom severity between women. The study was small and uncontrolled, so we cannot be confident these are the only factors. Study, 1988 Do women's body chemistry responses to an opiate drug differ between menstruation and ovulation? Yes. Growth hormone response was weaker during menstruation than at ovulation. Prolactin was about 1.5 times higher at ovulation. Other hormones and mood did not clearly differ. Survey study, 1988 How do women with PMS differ from those without PMS on mental health? Women with PMS had higher depression and stress than community women without it. Some women without a PMS diagnosis showed cyclical symptom patterns, suggesting they may develop PMS later. Study, 1988 How is stress connected to PMS? Stress is frequently linked to PMS in two different ways. In some women, stress is already high in their lives and PMS makes it worse. In others, stress is actually one of the PMS symptoms themselves. Cohort study, 1988 Does beta-endorphin explain why some women get PMS? No clear relationship was found. Beta-endorphin levels did not differ between women with high versus low PMS symptoms, though one correlation was weak and did not reach statistical significance. Case-control study, 1988 Do women with PMS have different physical stress responses than women without PMS? The study found that women with and without PMS showed opposite patterns of physical response at different cycle times, which was unexpected. Women with PMS reported more stress after their period. Randomised trial, 1988 Do women with PMS and back pain have more muscle tension when stressed during the premenstrual phase? Yes, women with PMS and severe back pain showed much greater muscle tension in their lower back when stressed during the premenstrual phase. This is a small study. Lab study, 1987 Does the menstrual cycle change how your body's stress hormone system responds? No. Baseline stress hormone levels and the body's response to a stress hormone injection did not change across different menstrual cycle phases. Case-control study, 1987 Do women with premenstrual tension have lower beta-endorphin? Yes. Women with symptoms had lower blood beta-endorphin during the early luteal phase (10.7 vs 14.6 pg/ml). This suggests a hormonal difference but doesn't prove it causes symptoms. Survey study, 1987 Do women with PMS have lower levels of a pain-relieving chemical in their blood? Yes. Women with PMS had lower plasma beta-endorphin (a natural pain-reliever) in the week before their period and during menstrual flow. However, this very small study of only 11 women needs confirmation in larger research. Study, 1987 How do job stress and teamwork affect cycle length, regularity, and cycle synchrony? Women in jobs where teamwork was high or moderate had synchronized cycles. Women with high job stress and anxiety had longer, less regular cycles. Women in high-stress, low-teamwork jobs did not sync with coworkers. Study, 1986 Does a combination of stress reduction, exercise, and diet help PMS? Yes, a combination approach that includes stress reduction, increased exercise, and proper diet has been found effective for treating PMS. Medications can be added when needed. Case-control study, 1986 Is cortisol response different in women with PMS compared to women without PMS? Women with PMS showed the same cortisol response as women without PMS during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Control subjects tested once showed higher cortisol in the middle weeks of the cycle, but we do not know if women with PMS follow this pattern. Case report, 1986 Can hormone implants help severe premenstrual depression when antidepressants don't work? Yes. One woman with a 5-year history of frequently returning depression that didn't improve with usual antidepressants improved completely after receiving estradiol and testosterone implants every 4 months, and her cortisol level (a stress hormone) returned to normal. Survey study, 1985 Does stress affect premenstrual symptoms? Yes. Daily stressors had a stronger effect on premenstrual symptoms than major life events. A generally stressful life context was more influential than stress occurring during a specific cycle phase. Cohort study, 1984 What affects menstrual patterns in teenage girls? Exercise and body fat did not affect menstrual regularity or pain. However, girls living at boarding school (away from home) were more likely to develop irregular cycles than girls living at home. Review, 1983 Does intense athletic training disrupt menstruation? Athletic training can disrupt periods, especially with significant weight loss and stress, though the causes are similar to non-athletes. This is a literature review, so certainty is limited. Lab study, 1983 Does the premenstrual phase change how the nervous system reacts to stress? No clear difference was found in how the nervous system reacted during the premenstrual phase compared to after menstruation. Lab study, 1983 Does being in heat change how female rats remember what they learned? No. Female rats in heat did not show state-dependent memory, unlike male rats given a drug or stressed rats. Survey study, 1982 Do stressful life events affect PMS and menstrual symptoms? The study found stressful life events were linked to worse premenstrual mood and menstrual symptoms, but the connection weakened significantly when only physical health stress was considered. The cross-sectional design means we cannot prove stress causes these symptoms. Study, 1981 How do hormone changes during the menstrual cycle affect blood cholesterol and fats? Blood cholesterol, phospholipids, and triglycerides all follow similar patterns of change during different phases of the menstrual cycle. Survey study, 1978 How do stress and menstrual symptoms relate to each other? The article examined the relationship between stress and menstrual distress but the abstract does not provide clear findings or conclusions. Randomised trial, 1972 Does birth control change mood and premenstrual symptoms? Birth control reduced irritability and aggression between periods and made cycles shorter, more regular, and less painful. It also caused nausea, vomiting, water retention, and drowsiness. We cannot be very confident because this was a tiny study of only 8 women. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗