--- title: Estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy: 159 studies, explained | description: 159 studies on estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy and PMS or PMDD, each summarised in plain English: what was tested, who took part, what they found url: https://niyora.com/research/topics/treatment-hormone-therapy/ --- - [Niyora](https://niyora.com/) - [Research](https://niyora.com/research/) - [Library](https://niyora.com/research/library/) - Estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy # Estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy: what the research says 159 studies on estradiol, progesterone and hormone therapy in PMS and PMDD, each explained in plain English. 21 of them use the strongest designs: randomised trials and systematic reviews. Randomised trial 49 Survey study 28 Review 24 Study 22 Case report 11 Systematic review 9 Systematic review, 2023 What hormonal treatments have been tested for PMDD, menstrual migraine, and catamenial epilepsy? Hormonal treatments have been tested 56 times for premenstrual mood disorder, 21 times for menstrual migraine, and 8 times for catamenial epilepsy. Combined oral contraceptives were a frequent focus. Survey study, 2022 What causes PMS and PMDD and what new treatments are being studied? PMS and PMDD involve changes in hormone sensitivity, serotonin levels, genetic factors, and inflammation. New treatments under research target progesterone receptors and inflammatory pathways. Randomised trial, 2021 Does ulipristal acetate (a progesterone blocker) treat PMDD? Yes. Women taking 5 mg daily improved by 41% versus 22% on placebo. Half achieved remission with the medication compared to 21.1% on placebo. Study, 2021 Does ulipristal acetate help women with PMDD? Yes. Women taking ulipristal acetate experienced improvement in irritability and depression, and half of the women achieved complete remission of PMDD. Systematic review, 2015 What are the effects of continuous hormonal treatments for premenstrual syndrome? The systematic overview evaluated continuous combined oral contraceptives, continuous transdermal estradiol, and continuous subcutaneous estradiol implants, but the abstract does not specify the efficacy results for each treatment. Systematic review, 2014 Do estrogen and progesterone change how the brain processes emotions and decisions? Yes. These hormones affect which brain areas activate when women process emotions and make decisions, particularly in areas involved in mood and choice-making. The specific pattern varies by hormone level and person. Review, 2012 How should premenstrual disorders be diagnosed and organized? An international group of medical experts created a unified system for defining and classifying premenstrual disorders, which separates typical PMS from more complex conditions. Review, 2012 How is PMS diagnosed and treated, especially in women approaching menopause? PMS affects 30-40% of reproductive-age women and responds to medications that suppress ovulation or SSRIs. Treatment must be customized to each woman's needs for contraception, PMS control, and symptom relief during the transition to menopause. Randomised trial, 2012 Do hysterectomy or hormonal IUDs reduce premenstrual symptoms in women with heavy periods? Both treatments significantly reduced premenstrual symptoms by 6 months with similar effectiveness. However, the study involved women treated for heavy periods, not those specifically diagnosed with PMS. Randomised trial, 2009 Is dydrogesterone or calcium plus vitamin D better for severe PMS? Both worked similarly, reducing symptoms by about 4.6% and 4.2% respectively, slightly better than the 3.42% reduction from placebo. The difference between the two active treatments was too small to say one is clearly better. Systematic review, 2008 What treatments work best for PMS and PMDD? Antidepressants called SSRIs are proven effective for severe PMDD and are the first medication to try. Lifestyle changes and exercise are recommended for all women with PMS or PMDD. Systematic review, 2007 What treatments work for premenstrual syndrome? Many treatments have been studied for PMS, but researchers face a major challenge: there is no standard way to measure symptom severity, making it difficult to know which treatments truly work. Randomised trial, 2005 Does stopping ovulation help irritable bowel syndrome that gets worse during the menstrual cycle? Yes, stopping ovulation with leuprolide acetate significantly improved bowel symptoms related to the menstrual cycle. Adding tibolone (a hormone) did not improve bowel symptoms further but did improve quality of life more than leuprolide alone. Randomised trial, 2003 What treatments work for PMS and PMDD? Several treatments work. Non-drug options include cognitive behavioral therapy, exercise, and supplements like calcium and magnesium. Many studies support SSRIs (taken daily or only before menstruation). Hormonal treatments that stop ovulation also help. Systematic review, 2001 Does progesterone or progestogens help manage PMS? No, progesterone has no clinically meaningful benefit compared to placebo, and progestogens show only a small improvement that doesn't matter in practice. This comes from a high-quality review of many randomized trials, so the conclusion is fairly reliable. Randomised trial, 1995 Does progesterone or the anti-anxiety drug alprazolam work better for severe PMS? Alprazolam was significantly better than both progesterone and placebo, with 37% of women experiencing a 50% reduction in symptoms. Progesterone was no better than placebo. Randomised trial, 1995 Is a lower dose of estradiol patch as effective as a higher dose for severe PMS? Yes. The lower 100 microgram dose was equally effective as 200 micrograms but better tolerated with fewer side effects and less dropout. Randomised trial, 1995 Does progesterone help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Progesterone pessaries reduced PMS symptoms more than placebo across four cycles. However, it caused more side effects like headaches, vaginal irritation and irregular periods than placebo. Randomised trial, 1990 Does progesterone help premenstrual syndrome? No. Progesterone suppositories at 400 mg or 800 mg did not significantly improve premenstrual symptoms compared to placebo. Randomised trial, 1988 Does dydrogesterone help premenstrual symptoms in real-world practice? No, dydrogesterone was no better than placebo. While 52 percent of women on the drug improved versus 44 percent on placebo, this small difference is not clinically meaningful. Randomised trial, 1986 Does suppressing ovulation with estradiol implants and progestin help severe premenstrual syndrome? Yes, estradiol implants combined with cyclical progestin significantly relieved symptoms. The effect lasted throughout treatment, even though a very high proportion of placebo-treated women also improved. Systematic review, 2025 Do drugs that stop ovulation help women with PMS? The abstract is incomplete and does not provide the main results, so no clear answer can be determined from the information given. Study, 2025 What causes PMS and what are the main treatment options? The exact cause of PMS is still unknown, but inflammation and oxidative stress may be involved. Treatment typically involves lifestyle changes, vitamin and mineral support, herbal medicine, and medications, with drospirenone-containing contraceptives being the first choice. Non-randomised trial, 2025 What treatments help PMS and PMDD? Both medications (SSRIs, hormonal therapy) and non-drug approaches (therapy, mindfulness, supplements, herbal medicine) show promise for PMS and PMDD. More research is needed to know which works best for whom. Review, 2025 How does progesterone affect mood and brain function? Progesterone influences how your brain processes emotions and manages stress. In women with PMDD, targeting progesterone receptors can improve mood symptoms before your period. Randomised trial, 2025 Does blocking progesterone change brain structure in people with PMDD? No. A progesterone-blocking medication did not change white matter structure in the brain compared to placebo, though some secondary analyses showed differences that need further study. Randomised trial, 2024 Does SPRM treatment change white matter volume in the brain in women with PMDD? No. The study found no change in white matter volume with treatment, which is a fairly confident finding from a controlled trial, though the sample size was not reported in the abstract. Randomised trial, 2021 Does ulipristal acetate help premenstrual dysphoric disorder? Yes. After 3 months, women taking ulipristal acetate had 41% improvement in symptoms versus 22% with placebo, and 50% achieved full remission versus 21% with placebo. Randomised trial, 2020 Does progesterone therapy help premenstrual syndrome in women with PCOS? Yes, progesterone significantly reduced multiple emotional PMS symptoms in women with PCOS, including depression, anxiety, and mood swings. Randomised trial, 2018 Does micronized progesterone help premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Micronized progesterone 200 mg daily from day 16-25 of the cycle was effective for PMS, especially pain, behavior changes, and fluid retention. Treatment should continue up to 6 months to prevent relapse. Systematic review, 2017 Do estrogen patches or gels help control PMS symptoms? Estrogen patches and gels work by stopping ovulation and the hormone changes that cause PMS. However, the abstract does not provide results from the trials reviewed, so effectiveness cannot be assessed. Case-control study, 2017 What cellular changes might explain why some women develop PMDD? Researchers found that women with PMDD have abnormal differences in genes related to a protein complex called ESC/E(Z), which helps cells respond to hormones. This could explain why women develop PMDD even when their hormone levels are normal. Randomised trial, 2013 Does progesterone reduce PMS symptoms in women with polycystic ovary syndrome? Yes. Women with PCOS and PMS who took progesterone had significant reductions in depression, anxiety, mood swings, bloating, and several other PMS symptoms compared to placebo. Review, 2012 Does stopping ovulation help premenstrual symptoms? Yes, transdermal estrogen (patch, gel, or implant) can stop the cyclical hormone changes that cause premenstrual symptoms. However, women usually need monthly progestogen and may experience side effects. Randomised trial, 2009 Which hormone add-back therapy works best with GnRH agonist for PMDD? The lowest dose of estradiol with progesterone worked better. The highest dose (1.5mg estradiol with 400mg progesterone) actually caused more symptom recurrence than lower doses or estradiol alone. Survey study, 2007 Is depression before a period linked to depression at menopause? Yes. Women who were depressed premenstrually also tend to be depressed around menopause, suggesting a shared cause that may involve hormones, psychology, or both. This link held regardless of age or hormone therapy use. Review, 2006 How do brain hormones affect PMDD and mood problems during the menstrual cycle? Probably yes. Brain hormones that change during the menstrual cycle may trigger mood problems in PMDD by working similarly to anti-anxiety drugs. PMDD affects 2-6% of reproductive women. Randomised trial, 2006 Do women with a history of PMS react differently to hormone therapy after menopause? Yes. Women with a history of PMS had worse mood symptoms when progestin was added to estrogen, especially those with anxiety-related personality traits. Randomised trial, 2006 Do women with PMDD and depression process progesterone differently than others? Yes. Women with prior depression convert progesterone to its active form less efficiently. Women with PMDD and no depression history show unusual patterns of this conversion, suggesting altered metabolic pathways. Systematic review, 2006 Does progesterone help treat premenstrual syndrome? We can't be sure. While women taking progesterone improved more than those on placebo in some measures, the results were inconsistent, and only two small trials with different methods were included. Study, 2003 Does cognitive behavioral therapy help premenstrual symptoms as well as medication? Possibly. Growing evidence suggests cognitive behavioral therapy may work as well as medication for premenstrual symptoms and is a good option for women who prefer not to take medicine. Randomised trial, 2003 Does natural progesterone cause mood and physical symptoms in postmenopausal women? Yes, at a specific dose. Natural progesterone at 400 mg per day caused cyclical negative mood and physical symptoms in women without prior PMS, similar to PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2003 Does leptin explain why women develop PMS symptoms? Probably not. Leptin levels did not change with successful PMS treatment, so leptin may not be the cause of PMS. Cohort study, 2003 How does the menstrual cycle affect women's sleep? We cannot yet draw clear conclusions because existing studies are small and use different methods. However, sleep is almost always disrupted during pregnancy and postpartum, and menopause often causes insomnia. Review, 2003 What role do hormones play in PMS and how should we treat it? Female hormones trigger PMS by affecting brain chemistry, especially the serotonin and GABA systems. SSRIs and medications that stop ovulation are the most effective treatments. Randomised trial, 2002 Do different doses of medroxyprogesterone affect mood in women on hormone replacement therapy? Both doses caused mood symptoms, but the higher dose improved mood in women with a prior PMS history. This small randomized trial suggests lower doses do not help. Randomised trial, 2001 Does hormone replacement therapy change serotonin receptors in postmenopausal women? No significant change was found in serotonin transporter or 5-HT2A receptor binding with hormone treatment in healthy postmenopausal women, though depressed women showed a more pronounced effect. Review, 2001 What medical problems can the levonorgestrel intrauterine device treat? The levonorgestrel IUD can treat heavy periods, period pain, and prevent anemia. It may also help endometriosis pain, though this is based on a review article rather than new clinical research. Randomised trial, 2001 Does adding tibolone to a hormone treatment help severe PMS? Adding tibolone to leuprolide acetate (a GnRH agonist) did not reduce the hormone's benefits and may reduce hot flushes. The hormone treatment significantly improved psychological and physical PMS symptoms. Randomised trial, 2000 Which progestin causes fewer mood problems during hormone replacement therapy? Medroxyprogesterone caused fewer negative mood symptoms than norethindrone in women without PMS history. This randomized trial found both medications caused strong mood effects in women with a PMS history. Review, 1999 Is premenstrual dysphoric disorder a distinct clinical disorder? Yes, according to expert consensus. PMDD has distinct characteristics, clear symptoms linked to the menstrual cycle, and responds differently to treatment than other mood disorders. Randomised trial, 1999 Does the drop in progesterone or stress during the menstrual cycle cause chocolate and sweets cravings? This study found no clear evidence either way. Neither progesterone nor a tranquilizer reduced chocolate or sweets craving in women with severe PMS. Randomised trial, 1999 Does adding estrogen and progesterone to a GnRH agonist drug improve PMS treatment? No. Adding estrogen and progesterone actually reduced the benefit of the GnRH agonist alone for severe PMS. Study, 1998 Which hormonal treatments work best for PMS? Treatments that suppress ovulation generally work well for PMS. Progesterone has not been shown to work better than placebo in well-controlled studies, despite being widely promoted. Randomised trial, 1998 Does supplementing progesterone during the luteal phase increase progesterone levels? Yes, both dydrogesterone alone and dydrogesterone with HCG injections increased progesterone in the middle of the luteal phase compared to placebo. However, progesterone returned to placebo levels by day 11 and did not affect the premenstrual period if pregnancy did not occur. Randomised trial, 1996 Does oral progesterone work better than vaginal progesterone for PMS? No. Both oral and vaginal progesterone were no better than placebo for PMS symptoms, even though oral progesterone created higher levels of potentially calming metabolites. Case-control study, 1996 What is linked to hot flushes during midlife and menopause? Hot flushes are linked to higher FSH levels, lower estradiol, and a history of premenstrual complaints. They become increasingly common as women approach and pass their final menstrual period. Randomised trial, 1995 Do vaginal progesterone suppositories relieve PMS symptoms? Overall PMS scores were not significantly better with progesterone than placebo, but a specific group of 'nervous' symptoms, tension, mood swings, irritability, anxiety and lack of control, did improve significantly. Randomised trial, 1993 Can estrogen prevent bone loss from GnRH analogue treatment? Yes. Adding estrogen therapy prevented the significant bone loss that occurred when women took the GnRH drug Zoladex alone. Randomised trial, 1992 Do PMS symptoms stay better after stopping progesterone suppository treatment? Partially. Symptoms improved from baseline but worsened from the end of treatment. Only 27 percent of women were still taking PMS medications a year later. Review, 1991 Does progesterone or stopping your period treat PMS? Progesterone doesn't work better than placebo. Stopping your period with surgery or medication does treat PMS. Symptoms don't return when hormones are added back afterward. Randomised trial, 1990 Does progesterone or behavior therapy work better than placebo for PMS? No. Over half of women in all three groups improved, but there were no significant differences between progesterone, placebo pills, or behavior therapy. Cohort study, 1990 Does long-term estradiol implant therapy help PMS symptoms? Yes, all 50 patients had continued benefit for all symptoms over 5.6 years, with 74 to 96 percent relief depending on the symptom. However, about 58 percent developed progestin side effects, and 8 patients needed hysterectomy. Survey study, 1989 What does research say about what causes PMS and what treatments work? A review of PMS research found no definitive cause and no universally effective treatment. Lifestyle approaches like diet, exercise, and support help many women, while some medications like alprazolam and mefenamic acid help some, but progesterone therapy is ineffective. Randomised trial, 1989 Do oestradiol patches help severe premenstrual symptoms? Yes, oestradiol patches worked better than placebo when women switched from placebo to active treatment. Both groups improved initially, but women who switched from active to placebo got worse, while those who switched from placebo to active maintained or improved their gains. Randomised trial, 1987 Does progesterone suppository help premenstrual syndrome? No, progesterone vaginal suppositories (200 mg) did not reduce PMS symptoms more than placebo. This was a small study of 30 women. Randomised trial, 1986 Does dydrogesterone work better than placebo for premenstrual symptoms? Women in the study improved on most measures, but dydrogesterone did not work better than placebo. Study, 1979 Do dydrogesterone and pyridoxine improve premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Yes. Dydrogesterone led to 73% sustained improvement and pyridoxine led to 63% sustained improvement. However, placebo also caused 43% improvement in the dydrogesterone trial, which shows the mind-body effect is substantial. Study, 1979 Does dydrogesterone or pyridoxine work better for premenstrual syndrome? Dydrogesterone worked for 70% of women with premenstrual syndrome, while pyridoxine worked for 55%. At least 3 months of treatment is needed to see if either helps. Study, 2026 Does transdermal estrogen work differently when applied as a gel compared to a patch in people with PMDD? This is a clinical account suggesting estrogen may work differently in gel versus patch form depending on a person's nervous system state, especially in those with both PMDD and complex post-traumatic stress disorder. However, no research data is provided. Survey study, 2026 How common is PMS in female medical students and what helps? PMS was very common, affecting 84.69% of students. Rest and sleep were most helpful (90.78%), followed by music (61.65%) and hot showers (49.51%). Sleep patterns and physical activity were linked to PMS. Lab study, 2025 Can genistein reduce anxiety in the premenstrual phase without raising estrogen? Yes. In rats, genistein reduced anxiety during the premenstrual phase as well as the hormone estradiol did, but without increasing estrogen levels in the blood. Study, 2025 Can brain stimulation (rTMS) help reduce PMS symptoms? A small study found that rTMS reduced depression and anxiety symptoms during the PMS phase. However, the study was very small with no control group, so more research is needed before we can be confident. Case report, 2023 Does a combination of maca, progesterone, and magnesium help PMDD symptoms? One woman improved significantly in headaches, cramping, menstrual flow, and psychiatric symptoms within three months. This is one person's experience, so we can't be sure others would benefit. Survey study, 2023 Could treatments that affect the brain's GABA system help PMDD? This review suggests GABA system changes may cause PMDD symptoms. Three compounds being tested in early clinical trials show promise, but much larger studies are needed to confirm if they work. Randomised trial, 2023 Are there new drug treatments for PMDD besides SSRIs? Yes. A new class of drugs called selective progesterone receptor modulators, specifically ulipristal acetate, significantly reduced PMDD mental symptoms compared to placebo with minimal side effects. More research is needed on long-term safety. Case report, 2023 Can stopping ovulation help severe PMDD when other treatments do not work? Yes. In this case, a woman with severe PMDD symptoms had improvement when treated with leuprorelin acetate and full resolution after surgery to remove her ovaries. This is a single case of very severe PMDD. Study, 2022 Why do women get PMS and PMDD? PMS and PMDD happen because the brain responds very sensitively to normal changes in estrogen and progesterone during the menstrual cycle. Several brain systems control mood and are affected. Case report, 2022 Can stopping the menstrual cycle help women whose arthritis gets worse before their period? One woman whose arthritis flared severely before her period improved significantly when her menstrual cycle was controlled with hormones. Case report, 2021 Can dydrogesterone help period pain, irregular cycles, PMS, and pregnancy loss, not just menopause? This review of past evidence, together with an account of one woman's care, suggests dydrogesterone may help with these conditions, but it does not report new trial results of its own. Randomised trial, 2021 Does a nomegestrol acetate oral contraceptive help mood symptoms in PMDD? Most women (74.5%) reported improved mood, and depression, anxiety, and stress scores improved significantly. This was an early feasibility study without a control group, so we need stronger evidence. Review, 2020 Does pollen extract help with menopausal symptoms and premenstrual syndrome? A review found that pollen extract safely reduced menopausal symptoms and PMS without providing estrogen, working like certain antidepressants. However, this is a summary of other studies, not new research. Survey study, 2019 What treatments help premenstrual syndrome? Research has examined four main treatments: antidepressants, hormone therapy, lifestyle changes, and herbal remedies. The review noted that many women are not diagnosed or treated. Survey study, 2019 Can birth control pills treat PMDD? Yes. Birth control pills with drospirenone significantly reduced emotional symptoms like depression and anxiety by 50% at 6 months, while physical symptoms like pain improved by 70%. Without a placebo control, we cannot be certain the medication caused all the improvement. Survey study, 2017 Does ulipristal acetate, a fibroid medication, help PMS symptoms? Possibly yes. 80% of women taking this medication reported improvement in PMS symptoms, though this study had no control group. Study, 2017 Does micronized progesterone treat severe PMS in women approaching menopause? Yes. After three months of treatment, 86.5% of women had complete relief of their symptoms and 13.5% had decreased symptoms. Survey study, 2016 Can asthma get worse around your period? Yes. This review explains that asthma can flare up in the days around the period, a pattern called perimenstrual asthma, and looks at why this happens and how it might be treated. Survey study, 2015 Does migraine increase during menopause, and can hormone therapy help? Women who had PMS before menopause are more likely to experience increased migraine during the menopausal transition. Continuous hormone replacement therapy, particularly using skin patches or gels, may help prevent hormone-related migraine attacks. Survey study, 2015 Does changing hormones during menopause cause depression? Changing hormones during menopause may disrupt the body's stress-management system, making depression more likely. This is a theory based on reviewing research, not new evidence from testing. Survey study, 2014 Does allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, cause mood problems in PMDD? Theory suggests it might. In women with PMDD, allopregnanolone levels increase during the menstrual cycle and appear linked to mood changes. Paradoxically, this brain chemical normally calms the brain. Non-randomised trial, 2014 Does hormone therapy help women with depression linked to periods and menopause? Yes. Thirty-five percent reported being cured and 55 percent had considerable improvement. For 94 percent, hormone therapy was life-changing for the better, and none reported worsening. Survey study, 2014 Could herbal medicine help treat PMS? Unknown. Current standard treatments for PMS and PMDD have significant drawbacks, so the authors argue that research into herbal and non-drug methods is important, but this paper does not test any herbal remedies. Survey study, 2014 What causes PMS and what helps treat it? PMS is complex with multiple causes, mostly related to how the brain's chemical messengers work. Treatment options include medications, hormones, and lifestyle approaches. Study, 2014 Does Magnicum help premenstrual syndrome in women with endometriosis? Magnicum tablets worked as well as a standard PMS medication in women with endometriosis, especially for swelling and mood and headache symptoms. Review, 2012 Do GnRH agonist drugs treat PMS? Yes, GnRH agonist drugs can completely abolish PMS symptoms. However, they cause significant side effects from lowered estrogen that can be managed with add-back therapy. Study, 2012 Does mugwort help with premenstrual syndrome? Mugwort is used traditionally for PMS and contains a compound that may work through serotonin. However, there is no clinical research evidence presented here, only historical uses. Review, 2012 What causes PMS and PMDD? PMS and PMDD are triggered by hormonal changes after ovulation, but not by abnormal hormone levels. The brain's calming system (GABA) and mood system (serotonin) are both affected by progesterone changes. Review, 2012 How can doctors manage premenstrual-like symptoms caused by hormonal treatments containing progestogen? No clear evidence exists, but doctors should recognize that hormonal treatments like contraception can cause PMS-like symptoms cycling with medication use, termed progestogen-induced premenstrual disorder, and manage based on clinical experience. Case report, 2012 How can doctors tell the difference between severe PMS and bipolar disorder? Doctors can tell the difference by looking for symptoms that clearly follow the menstrual cycle and improve during pregnancy. These patterns occur in severe PMS but not in bipolar disorder, and severe PMS doesn't respond to antidepressants or mood-stabilizing medications used for bipolar disorder. Review, 2012 Should surgery be used to treat PMDD? Surgery (removing both ovaries and uterus, followed by low-dose estrogen therapy) can be effective for PMDD, but only for women who don't respond to medications or cannot tolerate them. Survey study, 2011 Why do some women experience negative mood with hormone changes? The paper proposes that negative mood in PMDD may result from how a brain chemical reacts to receptors. This is a theoretical explanation based on research patterns, not a definitive finding from a new study. Review, 2010 Is the menopause transition a risky time for depression to develop? Yes, some women are at higher risk of depression during the transition to menopause, and women with a history of severe PMS may be especially vulnerable. Survey study, 2010 Does the menstrual cycle affect sleep quality in women with sleep problems? Yes. Women with irregular periods were 2.1 times more likely to report trouble falling asleep and staying asleep, but this study only included women who already had sleep complaints. Study, 2009 Can the standard mental health diagnostic interview assess PMS and PMDD adequately? No. The standard interview does not assess PMS, PMDD, or other women-specific mental health conditions. New diagnostic modules were developed to address this gap. Survey study, 2009 Why do some women feel depressed or anxious when progesterone increases before their period? A literature review suggests progesterone is converted to chemicals that affect the brain's GABA system. At levels before the period, these chemicals paradoxically cause anxiety instead of calming it. Women with PMDD have changes in their GABA system that make them more sensitive. Survey study, 2008 Does estradiol hormone level affect memory across the menstrual cycle? No clear relationship was found between estradiol level and how well women remembered words. However, estradiol level did relate to brain activity in a memory region. Review, 2007 Is drospirenone an effective ingredient in birth control pills for PMDD? Birth control pills containing drospirenone appear safer and better tolerated than other low-dose pills for mood changes, acne, and severe PMS (PMDD), with similar overall safety profiles. Review, 2007 What causes menstrual migraine and how is it treated? Menstrual migraine is triggered by drops in estrogen and causes longer, more severe headaches than non-menstrual migraine. Initial treatment uses specific migraine medications, with hormone therapy as an option if that doesn't work. Randomised trial, 2006 Is PMS severity linked to how bad your migraines are? Yes, PMS and migraine severity are moderately connected. Women with migraines have worse PMS symptoms when their migraines are worse, throughout the menstrual cycle and even when hormones are surgically suppressed. Survey study, 2006 Does estrogen replacement improve thinking abilities after menopause? Women after menopause who used estrogen replacement significantly outperformed women who did not on a test of complex thinking, even after accounting for age and education. This small study (48 women) with a single snapshot in time suggests benefits, but findings should be tested in larger studies. Survey study, 2005 Does drospirenone hormone therapy reduce weight gain and PMS-like symptoms? In studies of drospirenone-containing hormone therapy, women had less or no weight gain (mean decrease of 1.2 kg after one year) and improvements in bloating, swelling, breast tenderness, and mood. Survey study, 2005 Does a genetic variant in the estrogen receptor gene affect premenstrual and menopausal symptoms? Yes. Women with the SS genotype had 7.6-fold increased risk of premenstrual symptoms, 7-fold increased risk of hot flashes, and 13-fold increased risk of psychological symptoms compared to other genotypes. Review, 2005 Can a levonorgestrel IUD help with gynecological problems? A levonorgestrel IUD is used for various gynecological conditions. Some women stop using it due to breakthrough bleeding, but counseling can help them continue. Non-randomised trial, 2004 Is hysterectomy and ovary removal an effective treatment for severe PMS? Yes, 96% of women were satisfied with the surgery and 93.6% reported complete resolution of PMS symptoms. However, this is major surgery requiring ongoing hormone therapy and should only be considered for women with severe, treatment-resistant PMS. Randomised trial, 2003 What causes asthma to worsen before the period? Asthma worsens before the period in 30-40% of asthmatic women, but the exact cause is unknown. Hormone changes are likely involved, but this hasn't been proven. Non-randomised trial, 2002 Is it safe to use hormone therapy alongside GnRH-agonist treatment for severe PMS? In this small study, yes. Hormone therapy appeared safe and effective, protecting bone health and controlling PMS symptoms. Survey study, 2001 Can hormonal changes cause headaches? Yes. Hormonal changes from starting your period, pregnancy, birth control, menopause, and hormone therapy can cause or worsen headaches, especially migraines. These headaches are difficult to treat. Survey study, 2001 How do steroid hormones affect the brain and cause symptoms? Steroid hormones can rapidly change brain activity and behavior within seconds to minutes. This review discusses these fast effects in relation to premenstrual syndrome and other conditions. Study, 2001 What are the current treatment options for PMS and PMDD? SSRIs (a type of antidepressant) are used for severe PMDD, while milder PMS receives various medical and non-medical treatments. Better understanding of how hormones work is needed to develop improved treatments. Survey study, 2001 Do antidepressants work for PMDD? Yes, according to this review. Serotonergic antidepressants have shown effectiveness for premenstrual dysphoric disorder, whether taken every day or just during the luteal phase before the period. Review, 1999 Could testosterone help women with PMS? Testosterone might help PMS symptoms according to this review, but it is only listed as a possible use without presenting evidence from studies. Survey study, 1999 What causes menstrual migraine and how is it treated? Estrogen withdrawal around menstruation triggers migraines in susceptible women. Treatment includes NSAIDs, triptans, and other medications, with hormonal therapy if needed for severe cases. Case report, 1999 Can the antidepressant nefazodone trigger mania in someone with undiagnosed bipolar disorder? In this one reported case, a patient likely developed mania after starting nefazodone, suggesting the drug may be able to trigger mania, but a single case cannot prove this happens generally. Case report, 1999 Can LHRH analogue prevent premenstrual attacks of acute intermittent porphyria? Yes. In this one woman, an LHRH analogue combined with low-dose oestrogen patch stopped her premenstrual attacks and she has not needed hospitalization for over 3 years. Survey study, 1999 Do women's voices change before their period? Yes. About one in three women experience voice problems starting 4-5 days before their period. When 97 women with this problem were given vitamins, blood flow medicines, and anti-swelling drugs, 84 improved. Case report, 1998 Which hormonal treatments work best for premenstrual syndrome? Estrogen is clearly effective. Progesterone does not work and might even worsen symptoms. Birth control pills help because they contain estrogen. Randomised trial, 1998 Does tibolone improve PMS symptoms? Yes. Tibolone 2.5 mg/day significantly improved all PMS symptom categories by the third month (P < 0.05). Review, 1998 What treatments actually help with PMS? This review says treatment depends on your symptoms, and that birth control pills, water pills (diuretics), antidepressants, talk therapy and nutritional supplements have helped some women, while high-dose vitamin B6, progesterone, alprazolam and GnRH agonist drugs are generally not recommended. Non-randomised trial, 1997 Does progesterone affect the hormones that cause fluid retention in PMS? In a small study of 6 women, oral progesterone therapy during the luteal phase increased certain hormones (ANF) and decreased sensitivity to fluid-retaining hormones (vasopressin), which may explain how progesterone helps PMS bloating, though confirmation in larger studies is needed. Review, 1996 How does estrogen affect mood and memory? Yes. Estrogen affects mood and memory by changing levels of brain chemicals that control emotion and behavior. Low estrogen is linked to PMS, depression after childbirth, and postmenopausal depression, though human studies remain limited. Randomised trial, 1996 Does hormone replacement therapy prevent low-estrogen side effects of GnRH agonist treatment for severe PMS? Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists help mood symptoms in severe PMS but cause low-estrogen side effects. Adding hormone replacement therapy prevents some side effects (bone loss and hot flashes) but not all progestin side effects. Review, 1995 What causes pelvic congestion in PMS and how should it be treated? PMS involves pelvic congestion caused by hormonal and circulatory factors, typically treated with a combination of hormone medications (progestogens) and venotonics (medications that help veins). Survey study, 1995 Is premenstrual syndrome related to depression? The evidence suggests yes. Women with PMS are more likely to have had depression, and antidepressants help both conditions. Lab study, 1994 Do receptors that affect breathing change during the menstrual cycle? Yes, women have more of these receptors in the second half of the cycle when hormone levels are high. This might explain why some women with asthma feel worse before their period. Survey study, 1994 Do different types of progestogen cause different types of symptoms? Yes. Norethisterone causes more pain symptoms but fewer mood problems, while medroxyprogesterone and dydrogesterone show the opposite pattern. Randomised trial, 1991 Does cognitive-behavioral therapy work better than medication or relaxation for PMS? Yes. Cognitive-behavioral therapy showed significant improvement after the first month that continued throughout and persisted at 3-month follow-up. Medication and relaxation showed quick improvement that faded after 2 months. Randomised trial, 1991 Does medroxyprogesterone acetate cause side effects when added to hormone therapy? No, this study found no significant physical or psychological side effects from medroxyprogesterone acetate compared to placebo, regardless of women's PMS history. Study, 1991 How does estradiol treatment affect cholesterol and blood sugar? Estradiol implants raised HDL cholesterol and lowered fasting blood sugar. They did not change LDL cholesterol, how your body handles glucose after eating, or insulin levels. Randomised trial, 1991 Does higher progesterone dose work better for PMS? No. The researchers found that symptoms improved in both the progesterone group and placebo group when more suppositories were given, suggesting higher doses do not add extra benefit. Non-randomised trial, 1990 Can removing the ovaries cure severe PMS that hasn't responded to other treatments? In this small study of 14 women, yes: shutting down ovarian hormones with medication gave complete relief, and surgery to remove the ovaries and uterus (plus low-dose estrogen) gave lasting relief afterward. Lab study, 1989 Do women with PMS have thyroid problems? No. Women with PMS have similar thyroid hormone and prolactin levels to healthy women in both the follicular and luteal phases of their cycle. Study, 1988 Does estrogen therapy change hormones that affect fluid retention in women with PMS? When women take birth control pills, certain hormones increase, but this change does not happen in women taking hormone replacement or women with PMS. These hormones probably do not directly cause PMS. Randomised trial, 1988 Does dydrogesterone help premenstrual syndrome? Dydrogesterone (10 mg twice daily) did not significantly help PMS symptoms overall. The main issue is that most women who started the study didn't complete it, making the results very uncertain. Case report, 1988 Can psychosis be linked to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Premenstrual and menstrual periods are linked with increased psychiatric problems including psychosis. One case describes psychosis that happened during the premenstrual period and disappeared completely once menstrual bleeding stopped. Review, 1987 What medicines work best for treating moderate to severe premenstrual syndrome? For mild to moderate PMS, the first approach should be diet, exercise, and nutritional supplements. For severe cases, medications like danazol, estrogen implants, or progesterone at 300 mg per day can be tried, though evidence for some is still limited. Review, 1987 Can progesterone tablets help PMS? Oral micronized progesterone appears suitable for treating PMS, with no reported side effects on heart health factors tested. However, this is a review, not a clinical trial proving it works. Study, 1987 What is PMS and what causes it? PMS is a condition where mood and physical symptoms appear in the second half of your cycle and disappear when your period starts. Hormone changes are probably the main cause. Randomised trial, 1986 Do progesterone vaginal suppositories help premenstrual syndrome? No. The response to progesterone vaginal suppositories was at best marginal and not significantly different from placebo. Case report, 1986 Can hormone implants help severe premenstrual depression when antidepressants don't work? Yes. One woman with a 5-year history of frequently returning depression that didn't improve with usual antidepressants improved completely after receiving estradiol and testosterone implants every 4 months, and her cortisol level (a stress hormone) returned to normal. Study, 1985 Does adding progestagen to estrogen cause PMS-like symptoms? Yes. Women who took estrogen plus progestagen developed cyclical mood and physical symptoms similar to PMS, while women on estrogen alone did not. Symptoms appeared 1 to 3 days after progestagen was added. Non-randomised trial, 1985 Does progesterone reduce premenstrual symptoms? Progesterone treatment improved symptoms, but placebo improved them equally, so we cannot say progesterone works better than placebo. Case-control study, 1985 Do women with menstrual migraine have different nerve activity patterns than others? Women with menstrual migraine show different patterns of nerve activity across the menstrual cycle compared to women without migraine. Hormone treatment may reduce these patterns. Study, 1984 Can oestradiol implants that stop ovulation relieve premenstrual syndrome? Yes. In this study, 84% of the 92 women treated had complete or almost complete relief of PMS symptoms, and 93% found the implants better than their previous treatments. Non-randomised trial, 1983 Can promegestone treat premenstrual syndrome? Possibly, but this study did not test it for PMS. The study tested promegestone for luteal insufficiency and found it more potent than dydrogesterone. The authors suggest it may help with PMS, but only based on its properties, not actual testing. Study, 1983 Does keeping steady oestradiol levels prevent menstrual migraines? Yes. When oestradiol levels were kept steady with implants, 20 out of 24 women (83%) became completely or almost completely headache-free, with no problems associated with the treatment. Case report, 1980 Does progesterone stop criminal behavior in women with severe premenstrual syndrome? Yes. Three women with long histories of repeated serious crimes (manslaughter, arson, assault) that happened in a premenstrual pattern had normal behavior after progesterone treatment. Study, 1980 Does dydrogesterone (Duphaston) help premenstrual syndrome symptoms? Dydrogesterone helped relieve depression, headache, swelling, and irregular bleeding in women with PMS, but did not help with breast tenderness. Most women wanted to continue taking it. Randomised trial, 1977 Does dydrogesterone help premenstrual tension symptoms? Yes, over 70% of women reported cure or marked improvement. Fluid retention improved almost completely, but mental symptoms and breast pain improved less. This was early evidence needing confirmation with a controlled study. Study, 1942 Do premenstrual headaches follow a regular pattern tied to the menstrual cycle? Yes. Six women had severe throbbing headaches that regularly started six days before menstruation and lasted until the 2nd or 3rd day of their period, often with feelings of fear during the headaches. Show more studies Ask AI about this page Copy prompt ChatGPT ↗ Claude ↗ Perplexity ↗ Google AI Mode ↗ Grok ↗